The analysis of the english-Indonesian translation method ina novel a study in scarlet sherlock holmes by sir arthur conan boyle

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THE ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH–INDONESIAN TRANSLATION METHOD IN A NOVEL

”A STUDY IN SCARLET SHERLOCK HOLMES”

BY SIR ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE

A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

The Degree of Strata 1

Written by ABDUL ROSYID

106026000972

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY “SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”

JAKARTA 2011

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APPROVEMENT

THE ANALYSIS OF THE ENGISH-INDONESIAN TRANSLATION METHOD IN A NOVEL

“A STUDY IN SCARLET SHERLOCK HOLMES”

BY SIR ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE

A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

The Degree of Strata 1

Abdul Rosyid 106026000972 Approved by:

Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd. NIP. 19640710 199303 1 006

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY “SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”

JAKARTA 2011

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ii ABSTRACT

Abdul Rosyid, The Analysis of the English-Indonesian Translation Method in a Novel “a Study in Scarlet Sherlock Holmes” by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle .Thesis. English Letter Department: Adab and Humanity Faculty, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2011.

This thesis contains analysis of translation method in a novel “a Study in Scarlet Sherlock Holmes” by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle which is translated into English language. In analyzed the novel, the writer use theory of translation method and will be discussed clearly. The writer analyze this translation method according to translation methods made by many expert of translation, because the writer thinks one type of translation methods usually used in translation.

The writer used qualitative method. He reads the original novel and compared to its translation, then the writer consult to a reliable dictionary to find out whether the translation is correct or not. The data obtained are classified and analyzed using theory of translation method.

As the conclusion, the writer finds one method translation. Those method of translation are using by the translator to get the translation appropriate with aesthetic and expressive value in novel. The translator tries to find the closest natural meaning in TL language but not swerve to far from the original novel.

The writer tries to find equivalence meaning, because the translator of these translation may has different methods in translating a novel it is very important to analyze because there is no perfect translation made by translator.

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iii

LEGALIZATION

Name : Abdul Rosyid Nim : 106026000972

Title : The Analysis of the English-Indonesian Translation Method in a

Novel “A Study in Scarlet Sherlock Holmes “By Sir Arthur Conan

Doyle.

The thesis has been defended before the Letters and Humanities Faculty’

Examination Committee on July 04, 2011. It has been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of strata one.

Jakarta, July 04, 2011 The Examination Committee

Signature Date 1. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M. Pd (Chair Person)

19640710 199303 1 006

2. Elve Oktafiyani, M. Hum (Secretary) 19781003 200112 2 002

3. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M. Pd (Advisor) 19640710 199303 1 006

4. Moh. Supardi, M. Hum (Examiner I) 5. Elve Oktafiyani, M. Hum (Examiner II)

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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.

Jakarta, April 2011

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, the writer would like to express the most gratitude and praise to Allah SWT, the Lord of the universe for his help, affection and generosity in

completing the writer’s study in the State of Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta. Then, peace and blessing is upon to our beloved prophet Muhammad SAW and all of his family, his disciplines, and his followers.

The thesis is submitted in partial accomplishment of the requirement for the Strata 1 Degree to The Faculty of Adab and Humanities, English Letters Department of the State Islamic Unversity Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

In the terms of completion my study, the writer would like to express his deepest gratitude to the Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty, Dr.Wahid Hasyim, M.A, The Head of English Letters Department, Drs. A. Saefuddin, M.Pd., the secretary of English Letters, Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum, and to all his lectures who had taught me a lot of things during my study.

My Parent who deserves my deepest esteem more than whoever H. M. Boang and Hj. Mardiyah, since they always support me, financially, morally and spiritually.

Additionally, I am deeply grateful to. Drs. A. Saefuddin, M.Pd, as my thesis advisor, who has sent me suggestions, corrections, and criticisms. I am also awfully aware of his every guidance, patience, and encouragements mean to Idris M.Pd, and the beloved English Teacher of MTSN Teluknaga for the advice, support and nice sharing in every single thing. The writer shows his thousands gratitude for the advices, guidances and supports which mean to his a lot.

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In addition the writer would like to thank the following acquaintances to my beloved my friends of class C grade of 2006, especially my classmates who has helped. I really enjoyed the friendship as long as four years with all of you guys by our beautiful memories, laughs, activities, supports, spirit, souls, love conveyed me into life-mature.

Jakarta, April 2011

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vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVEMENT……… i

ABSTRACT………. ii

LEGALIZATION……… iii

DECLARATION………. iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……… v

TABLE OF CONTENT………. vii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the study……….. 1

B. Focus of the study………. 6

C. Research question ……… 6

D. Significances of the study ……… 6

E. Research methodology………. 7

1. The objective of the research……… 7

2. The method of the research………... 7

3. The instrument of the research……….. 7

4. Unit Analysis……… 8

5. Technique of Data Analysis……… 8

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viii CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Theory of translation……… 9

1. Definition of translation………. 9

2. Method of translation………. 10

3. Process of translation……….. 14

4. The principles of translation……… 16

5. The procedures of translation……….. 17

6. Untransbilty………. 18

B. Equivalence in Translation... 19

C. Translating the literary work………. 23

CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDING A. Data Description……… 26

B. Data Analysis……… 26

C. Equivalent in Translation... 34

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION A. Conclusion………. 36

B. Suggestion……….. 36

BIBLIOGRAPHY……….. 38

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1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

One of the most important aspects of human life is language. Because It is a tool of communication among people to contribute their ideas. Language makes all the possibilities for human to distinguish them from other creature. Language is a sign to identify of things in the world according to the society agreement and also It is an essential thing for human.

Language is a system of sound symbol which has an arbiter character used by the member of social group to cooperate, to communicate, and to identify them.1 Moreover, it could be undeniable that It is a system which is existence cannot be separated along the existence of human being civilization. Language existence is not axis just in one single pattern but there are many languages that represent the culture according to the consensus of each social group.

English and Indonesian languages have different cultures and which influences the language used. Many English texts translated into Indonesian vice versa. From the differences described above, it is required the process of translation. Translation is a general term that refers to the removal of reflections and ideas from one source language (SL) and target language (TL).

In a broader context, translation is viewed as a process of transfer of meaning or message that is similar to the original author intended source language

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(SL) to the target language in another language target language(TL), so a result of translation must have a correspondence relationship with the source text. According to Nababan equivalence relations, which are often regarded as the most important aspects of a quality translation, in essence represents something that is problematic because of differences in linguistic aspects (morphological, syntactic, semantic) and culturally between the Source Language and the target language. Toury said the translation is an activity that involves two languages and two cultures at the same time, greater differences between the Source Language and the target language, in both these aspects, the higher the difficulty level of meaning or message transfer between the two languages. For example, the phrase "I lost my money", which when viewed from the structure represents an active sentence, translated into Indonesian, with a passive expression of structure "Uang saya hilang” Therefore, the target language text and the text Source Language may not really worth it in all aspects of linguistic and cultural.

Translation as an activity, not only involves the source language and the target language, but also involves the source culture and the target culture. According to Niranjan Mohanty (1994) that translation, in essence is not only a bi-lingual activity, but at the same time, a bi-cultural activity. The translator, through his act of translation, generates a symbiosis between the source culture and the target culture. The translator not only requires a good knowledge of two languages, but also has a good understanding of both cultures.2

Niranjan Mohanty, “Translation: A Symbiosis of culture,” Teaching Translation and Interpreting 2,ed.by. Cay Dollerup, and Annete Lindegaard,(Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing,1994), p.28

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In the process of translation, the translator must be careful in examining the source language. He or She has to consider many things when he or she wants to start transferring it into the target language. He or she must realize that it is different thing between the source culture and target culture. If he or She has to translate a word or sentence, which contains the cultural aspect of a country, he or she has to find its equivalence in the target language that is suitable and has the same sense in the source language.

It is different in translating literary texts and non –literary texts. Since literary texts are concerned with the world of the imagination and are centered in human beings, sometimes reflected in their physical characteristics and theirs natural and climatic backgrounds, whilst non-literary texts describe the facts of reality, modified by human intelligence, the translator cannot take literary language at its „face‟ singular denotative value, and has to bear second often multiple connotative meaning in mind.3

Translation plays an important role in human life because it has made communication between peoples with different languages can be done. It's hard to imagine how the intercultural dialogue is being done to improve understanding and cooperation among nations held. The circulation of ideas, knowledge, information, and values from one nation to another nation will also have problems without the use of translation.

Larson, for example, dividing the translation into translation based on meaning (meaning-based translation) and translation is based on forms

Rachel Owens, the translator’s Handsbook, (London: The Association for Information Management,1996) 3rd edition, p.13

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based translation). A literal translation which is based on or put the form according to Larson and a free can at equivalence with a translation based on meaning.

While Nida and Taber divides translation into a literal and dynamic translation. the literal translation does not reveal the meaning of the source language in the target language. Transferred into the target language is the language of the source, not the meaning contained in the source language. Dynamic translation was intended to produce a dynamic equivalent (dynamic equivalence) in the target language. Basically a dynamic equivalent translation refers to the nature of that transfer messages contained in the original text so that the response of people whoread or hear the message being transferred is equal to the response of people who read or hear the original text.4

That's the translation of which there are several methods in the context of linguistic studies in the translation of the novel “A Study in Scarlet Sherlock Holmes Sir Arthur Conan Doyle”. Related to the study of translation method, basically can not be separated from these linguistic elements, if traced more deeply, the novel contains a variety of linguistic methods compherensif and interesting to be analyzed in depth. Because, in practice, and the fact that there is in this novel is one novel that is easily understood by readers because it is in his method of writing the original text and translation is not too complicated.

In translating English novels, such as reduction changes, additions and modifications from the intrinsic element of the novel is often unavoidable. As a

Mauritis D.S.Simatupang, Pengantar Teori Terjemahan (Jakarta:Universitas Indonesia, 2000), p.39

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novel source language into target language dubbed, not all words can be changed just like that. To discover what changes are made from English novels, we can do a comparison (analysis) from the English version and the version of the Indonesian language.

Example:

Equivalence of meaning in the novel A Study in Scarlet Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle from the original language (English) translation into the language (Indonesian)

“It depends on the player, ”I answered.”A well played violin is a treat for the gods-a badly-played one-“

“oh, that‟s right,” he cried, with a merry laugh.” I think we may consider the thing as settled-that is, if the rooms are agreeable to you.”

“When shall we see them?”

“Call for me here at noon to-morrow, and we‟ll go together and setle everything,” he answered.

“ itu tergantung pada pemainnya,” jawab saya.” Suara biola yang di mainkan oleh pemain yang baik merupakan suatu hiburan. Tap kalu jelek…”

“Oh, ya? Bagus kalau begitu,” teriaknya sambil tertawa penuh kegirangan.” Saya kira segala sesuatunya sudah beres sekarang, kecuali satu hal, apakah kamu cocok dengan tempatnya atau tidak”

“kapan kita kesana?”

“besok siang temui saya di sini, kita pergi bersama-sama ke sana dan

membereskan segala sesuatunya,” jawabnya.

In this novel there are situational meaning which is indicated by the word in the English-indonesian dictionary, the word we have two meanings.iec kita and kami, into including the first person, the second person and third person but the word kami only involves the first and the second person.

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B. Focus of the Study

Based from background of the study above, the focus of the research is on the method of translation and equivalent meaning contained in the novel A Study in Scarlet Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle.

C. Research Question

Based on focus of the study above, the writer intends to propose the research questions below:

1. What translation methods are used in the novel A Study in Scarlet Sherlok Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle?

2. How is the equivalence of meaning between the source language and target language on the translation of the novel A Study in Scarlet Sherlok Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle?

D. Significance of the Study

The goals of the research are as follows:

1. To find the translation methods used in the translation of the novel A Study in Scarlet Sherlok Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle.

2. To know the meaning of equivalence between source language and target language that existed at the translation of the novel A Study in Scarlet Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle.

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E. Research Metodology

1. The Objectives of the Research

Based on the research question above, the objectives of research is to know the translation method used by the translator in translating the novel A Study in Scarlet Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle.

2. The Method of the Study

The method that is used in this research is qualitative method. Qualitatif method is research which relies on verbal data and non numerical in the same manner as the basic of analyze and creative problem solving of the research.5 The writer will describe the data and the results obtained from this research is a form of verbal data words or phrases containing an unknown concept in the novel A Study in Scarlet Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle.

3. Instrument of the Study

In this study, the instrument is the writer himself as the main instrument to obtain qualitative data about the methods of translation and equivalence of meaning by reading and analyzing the novel a Study in Scarlet Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle and also from other sources that can provide useful information for this research. However, in conducting this study, the writer was supported by some equipment such as the supporting library of the research and internet.

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4. Unit Analysis

The unit of analysis of the research is several sentence in the novel in this a study in Scarlet Sherlek Holmes which is written by Arthur Conan Doyle, as the source text and several sentence in its translation text in Indonesian language, which is translated by Isti Pratiwi S.pd, as the target language.

5. Technique of Data Analysis

The writer analyzes the data using qualitative analysis method. Firstly, the writer reads original book and compared to its translation. Then he looks up a reliable dictionary to finds out whether the translation is correct or not. If it is correct, he finds out if there is addition or reduction done by translator. He also finds out if there are any absurd or wrong sentences.

6. Place and Time of the Study

This research began in March 2010 in Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta‟s library, and in certain library of university in Jakarta which provide and give the information and refereces about material that is needed.

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9 CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Theory of Translation

1. Definition of Translation

The word translation comes from Latin; trans, across and datum, to carry. From its terminology we can see that translation is the connection between two different languages. But for the beginning, the translator should know what translation means are.

There are some definitions of translation taken from many sources, such as: a. Translation is made possible by an equivalent of thought that lies behind its

different verbal expression.1

b. Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text.2

c. Translation is the replacement of representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalence text in a second language.3

d. Translation is the general term referring to the transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language (source) to another (target), whether the languages are in

Zuchridin Suryawinata, Sugeng Haryanto. Translation: Bahasa Teori dan Penuntun Praktis Menerjemahkan. (Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2000), p. 12

Peter Newmark, A textbook of translation. (New York: Prentice Hall,1988a), p.5. 3

Robert T Bell. Translation and Translating,”Theory and Practice.”{London: Longman, 1998}, p. 20

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written oral form; whether the languages have established orthographies or do not have such standardization or whether one or both languages is based on signs, as with sign languages of the deal4.

e. Translation is consist in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style5

2. Methode of Translation

Translation method is a method widely used in teaching foreign languages. The principle is premised in this method is that the mastery of foreign languages learned that can be achieved by exercises translation of languages taught in the mother tongue of students or vice versa. The exercises of this translation is the main exercises in this method

Newmark explain eight methods of translation in two perspectives. The first perspective emphasizes on the source language (SL) and the other on the target language (TL). Source language emphasis means that when the translator translates the text, they follow what is common or normal in the source language such as the structure, the lexis, and the culture of the source language, whereas target language emphasis means the translator follows the target language structure, lexis and culture to make the readers comprehend the translation text more. Each perspective provides four methods of translation.

Richrad. W. Brislin. Translation: Application and Research. (New York: Gardner Press Inc, 1976), p.1

Eugene. A. Nida and Charles.R.Taber, The Theory and Practice of Translation(Leiden: E.j.Brill,1974), p.12

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The first perspective provides word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, and semantic translation methods while the second perspective provides adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation, and communicative translation methods. Those methods described in the flattened V diagram below:

SL emphasis TL

Word for word translation Adaption

Literal Translation FreTranslation

Faithful Translation Idiomatic Translation Semantic Translation Communicative Translation6

Figure 1: V Diagram of Translation Methods by Peter Newmark

1. The first method in the SL emphasis is word-for-word translation. Here, the translator keeps the SL word order and uses common equivalent words to express the meaning of the source text. Some mechanical and cultural words are translated literally to make it easier for the translator to understand those words before translating the text ( as a pre-translation process)

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2. The second method is literal translation. In literal translation, the translator tries to change the SL structure into TL structure but the words are translated literally. It is also a pre-translation process in which only the words are translated literally, not the structure like in the previous method. 3. The third is faithful translation. In faithful translation, the translator tries to

translate the meaning of the source text attempting to convey the writer‟s intention. Yet, the translation keeps the grammar of the SL and the lexis that deviate the TL norms.

4. The fourth is semantic translation. This method is almost the same as faithful translation. The differences are that semantic translation is more flexible (allowing the translator‟s intuitive works based on the original meaning), more accurate (not keeping the SL grammar and the lexis that violate the TL norms), and has aesthetic value ( the beautiful and natural sound) than faithful translation.

Besides describing SL emphasis methods, Newmark describes TL emphasis methods which are adaption, free translation, idiomatic translation, and communicative translation methods.

1. The first is adaption. This method is mostly used to the plays and poetry. In this translation, the SL culture is transfer into the TL culture and the text is rewriting the theme, characters, and plots are not changed. For example, Don Juan a fragment by Lord Byron, maintains the theme, characters, and plot although the original script has been

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adapted into modern English. The modern English adaption is to make people understand the fragment better.

2. The second is free translation. In this translation, the translators usually paraphrase the original text but the SL manner, content, and form are not used. For example, some children books like Sleeping Beauty and Three Little Pigs have been rewritten in different version, even not only one but some different versions, from the original story. In the free translation product, the texts do not maintain the content of the original anymore and use the forms that are easier to understand and usually shorter than the original ones.

3. The third is idiomatic translation. This translation attempt to deliver the message of the source text. However, it can give the wrong message because in reproducing the message, the translator uses colloquialisms and equivalent in the TL that may have different meaning in the SL.

4. The last is communicative translation. It attempts to deliver the exact meaning of the source text considering the TL readers ( their level of education, class, age and sex) so the translation product can convey the meaning of the source text communicatively.7

There are also other types of translation: 8 1. Full Translation

Peter Newmark (1988), op. cit p. 45. 8

Zuchridin Suryawita, Sugeng Hariyanto. Translation: Bahasa Teori dan Penuntun Praktis Menerjemahkan (Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2003), p.41

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In a full translation the entire text is submitted to the translation process: That is, every part of the SL text is replaced by TL text material.

2. Partial Translation

In a partial translation, some part or part of the SL text are left untranslated:

They are simply transferred to and incorporated in the TL text. 3. The Process of Translation

Translation is not an easy job. It needs serious attempt. Someone cannot translate some texts just like that. The translator should do this work systematically. Therefore, it needs a process. It is useful to guide the translator to do his/her job.

According to do Dr. Ronald H. Bathagate, there are seven elements, steps and integral parts in the process of translation such:

1. Turning. By this we mean getting the fell of the text to be translated. Depending on their field of work, translators need to be able to produce the language of a poet or novelist, lawyer or economist, research physicist or factory manager, advertising copywriter or biblical prophet. Each „register‟, as it is often called, demands a different mental approach, a different choice of words or turn of phrase.

2. Analysis. Once the translator has attuned his mind to the framework of the text to be translated, he will take each sentence in turn and split it

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up into translatable units-words or phrases. He will also establish the syntactic relation between the various elements of the sentence.

3. Understanding. After having split up the sentence to be translated into its elements, the translator will generally put it together again in a form which he can understand or respond to emotionally. The extent to which he can do this will depend on his basic knowledge of the subject matter.

4. Terminology. The next step is to consider the key words and phrases in the sentence to make sure that apart from understanding the and felling what they imply, one has a translation for them which is in line with standardized usage and is neither misleading, ridiculous nor offensive for the target language reader.

5. Restructuring. When all the bricks needed for the edifice of the target language text have been gathered or made, the translator will fit them together in a form, which is in accordance with good usage in the target language.

6. Checking. The translator will doubtless check his draft translation for typing errors and passages where a second perusal suggests a more elegant, or more correct, translation. In addition, it is quite common for someone other than the translator to read through the finished translation and make or suggest changes.

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7. Discussion. For this reason, a good way to end the translation process is often with a discussion between the translator and the expert on the subject matter.9

4. The Principles of Translation

In the world of translation, there are some principles that should be considered by the translator below:

1. A translation must give the words of original. 2. A translation should read like an original work.

3. A translation should reflect the style of the original work. 4. A translation should read as a contemporary of the original. 5. A translation may add to or omit from the original.

6. A translation of verse should be in verse. 7. A translation must give the ideas of the original. 8. A translation should read like translation.

9. A translation should possess the style of the translation. 10.A translation should read as a contemporary of the translation. 11.A translation may never add to or omit from the original. 12.A translation of verse should be in prose.10

The principles of translation mentioned above are depends on the kinds of translation used by the translator. The first six principles are use when the

Dr. Ronald H. Bathgate. A Survey of Translation Theory. In Vann Tall, Jaargang 25, Nummer 2 (Holland:1981)

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translator Decided to use literal translation (word for word translation), while the rest are used when the translator decided to use a freer translation, e.g., idiomatic translation.

5. The procedures of translation

There are some procedures that a translator should know:

1. Translation, this means rendering the sound of an SL to a TL from. 2. Translation, this is the process of rendering the letters of one alphabet

for the letters of another with a different alphabetical system.

3. Borrowing, a procedure to adopt SL text when the TL has no equivalent for the SL text.

4. Literal, this is one-to-one structural and conceptual correspondence. It can include borrowing and word-for-word translation.

5. Transposition, this is one of the most common procedures used in translation. It involves replacing a grammatical structure in the SL with one of a different type in the TL in order to achieve the same effect. Example; „Good morning‟ is translates into „Selamat pagi‟. 6. Modulation entails a change in lexical elements; a shift in the point of

view Modulation and transposition are two main processes in the translation. Transposition and modulation may take place at the same time. Example: „No smoking‟ is translated into „Dilarang merokok‟. The word „No‟ has Modulation with „dilarang‟

7. Adaptation, this process is used when the other do not suffice. It involves modifying the concept, or using a situation analogous to the

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SL situation thought not identical to it. An adaptation May at the same time entail modulation and transposition: „first class‟ is translated into „kelas satu‟. The word „kelas‟ adaptation from „class‟.

8. Omission this means that there is no translation in SL (part of the text) to TL example; „Beware of the dog‟ is translated into „awas anjing‟. The omission word „of and the‟.

9. Adding, this process is used to help when the translation that had the related with the technique, the culture and others. Adding and borrowing may take place at the same time. Example: „National Bank‟ is translated into „ Bank nasional‟ adding word „ Bank‟.

10. Subtraction, this means the decrease of the SL text example: „automobile‟ is translated into „ mobil‟. The subtracting word „auto‟. 11.Expanded. This means expand of the TL text. Example: „whale‟ is

translated into „ikan paus‟. The expanded word ‟ikan‟. 6. Untranslability

In a translation work, there is much untranslatability found. Catford distinguishes to types of untranslatability, which he terms linguistic and cultural. On the linguistic level, untranslatability, occurs when there is no lexical or syntactical substitute in the TL for an SL item. Linguistic untranslatability, he argues, is due to differences in the TL, whereas cultural untranslatability is due to the absence in the TL culture of a relevant situational feature for the SL text.

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B. Equivalence in Translation

The comparison of texts in different languages inevitably involves a theory of equivalence. Equivalence can be said to be the central issue in translation although its definition, relevance, and applicability within the field of translation theory have caused heated controversy, And many different theories of the concept of equivalence have been elaborated within this field in the past fifty years.

Nida argued that there are two different types of equivalence, namely formal equivalence which in the second edition by nida and taber is referent to as formal correspondence and dynamic equivalence. Formal correspondence focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content, unlike dynamic equivalence which is based upon‟ the principle of equivalent effect‟.11

Formal correspondence consist of a TL item which represents the closest equivalent of a SL word of phrase .Nida and taber make it clear that there are not always formal equivalent between language pairs. They therefore suggest that these formal equivalents should be used wherever possible if the translation aims at achieving formal rather than dynamic equivalence. The use of formal equivalent might at times have serieus implications in the TT since the translation will not be easily understood by the target audience.12 Nida and Taber themselves assert that Typically, formal correspondence distorts the

Eugene A. Nida, Towards a Science of Translating, (Leidin: E. J. Brill, 1964), p. 159 12

Peter Fawcett, Translation and Language: Linguistic Theories Explained, (Manchester: St Jerome Publishing, 1997), p. 201

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grammatical and stylistic patterns of the receptor language, and hence distorts the message, so as to cause the receptor to misunderstand or to labor unduly hard.

Dynamic equivalence is defined as a translation principle according to which a translator seeks to translate the meaning of the original In such a way that the TL wording will trigger the same impact on the TC audience as the original wording did upon the ST audience. They argue that „frequently, the form of the original text is changed; but as long as the change follows the rules of back transformation in the source language, of contextual consistency in the transfer , and of transformation in the receptor language, the message is preserved and the translation is faithful.13

One can easily see that nida is in favour of the application of dynamic equivalence, as a more effective translation procedure. This is perfectly understandable if we take into account the context of the situation in which nida was dealing with the translation phenomenon, that is to say, his translation process, that is the text in the TL, must have the same Impact on the different readers it was addressing. Only in nida and taber‟s edition is it clearly stated that dynamic equivalence in translation id fare more than more correct communication of information.

Despite using a linguistic approach to translation, Nida is much more interested in the message of the text or, in other words, in its semantic quality.

Eugen A. Nida and Charles R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation. (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1982), p. 200

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He therefore strives to make sure that this message remains clear in the target text.

New adjective have been assigned to the notion of equivalence (grammatical, textual, pragmatic equivalence, and several others) and made their appearance in the plethora of recent works in this field. An extremely interesting discussion of the notion of equivalence can be found in Baker (1992) who seems to offer a more detailed list of conditions upon which the concept of equivalence can be defined. She explores the notion of equivalence different levels, in relation to the translation process, including all different aspect of translation and hence putting together the linguistic and the communicative approach. She distinguishes between.

 Equivalence that can appear at word level and above word level, when translating from one language into another. Baker acknowledges that, in a bottom-up approach translation, equivalence at word level is the first element to be taken into consideration by the translator. In fact, when the translator starts analyzing the ST she/he looks at the words as single units in order to find a direct „equivalent‟ term in the TL. Baker gives a definition of term word since it should be remembered that a single word since it should be assigned different meanings in different languages and might be regarded as being a more complex unit or morpheme. This means that the translator should pay attention to a number of factors when considering a single word, such as number, gender and tense.

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 Grammatical equivalence, when referring to the diversity of grammatical categories across languages. Baker notes the grammatical rules may vary across languages and this may pose some problems in terms of finding a direct correspondence in the TL. In fact, she claims that different grammatical structures in the SL and TL may cause remarkable changes in the way the information or message is carried across. These changes may induce the translator either to add or to omit information in the TT because of the lack of particular grammatical devices in the TL itself. Amongst these grammatical devices which might cause problems in translation Baker focuses on number, tense and aspect, voice, person and gender.

 Textual equivalence, when referring to the equivalence between a SL text and a TL text in terms of information and cohesion. Texture is a very important feature in translation since it provides useful guidelines for the comprehension and analysis of the source text which can help the translator in his or her attempt to produce a cohesive and coherent text for the target culture audience in a specific context. It is up to the translator to decide whether or not to maintain the cohesive ties as well as the coherence of the SL text. His or her decision will be guided by there main factors, that is, the target audience, the purpose of the translation and the text type.

 Pragmatic equivalence, when referring to implicatures and strategies of avoidance during the translation process. Implicature is not about what is explicitly said but what is implied. Therefore, the translator needs to work out

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implied meanings in translation in order to get the ST message across. The role of the translator is to recreate the authors intention in another culture in such a way that enables the target culture reader to understand it clearly.14

The notion of equivalence is undoubtedly one of the most problematic and controversial areas in the field of translation theory. The term has caused, and it seems quite probable that it will continue to cause, heated debates within the field of translation studies. This term has been analyzed, evaluated and extensively discussed from different points of view and has been approached from many different perspectives. The first discussions of the notion of equivalence in translation initiated the further elaboration of the term by contemporary theorists. Even the brief outline of the issue given above indicates its importance within the framework of the theoretical reflection. The different in defining equivalence seems to result in the impossibility of having a universal approach to this notion.

C. Translating the literary work

In translating literary works, the translator may face the linguistic, literary, aesthetic and socio-cultural problems. The linguistic problems inelude the collocation and obscured. The aesthetic and literary problem are related with poetic structure, metaphorical expressions and sound while the socio-cultural problems arise when the translator translates expressions containing the four major cultural categories: ideas, ecology, behavior and products. Translating

Mona Baker, In Other Words: a Coursebook on Translation,( London: Routledge, 1992), p. 11-12

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literary work is, perhaps always more difficult translating other types of text because literary works have specific values, aesthetic and exspressive values. The aesthetic function of the work shall emphasize the beauty of the words (diction), figurative language, metaphors, etc while the expressive function shall put forwards the writer‟s thought (or the process of thought), emotion, etc. And the translator should try, at his best, to transfer these specific values into the TL.

Hillarie belloc laid down six general rules for the translator of prose texts: 1. The translator should not plod on‟, word by word or sentence by

sentence, but should „always, ” block out” hits work, ‟ block out „ , below means that the translator should consider the work as an integral unit and translate in sections, asking himself „before each what the whole sense is he has to render‟.

2. The translator should render idiom by idiom „and idioms of their nature demand translation into another form that of the original‟.

3. The translator must render „intention by intention, „bearing in mind that the intention of a phrase in one language maybe less emphatic By „intention‟. Belloc seems to be talking about the weight a given exspression may have in a particural context in the SL that would be disproportionate if translated literally into the TL.

4. Belloc warns against lex paux amis, those words or structures that may appearato correspond in both SL and TL but actually do not e.g.domander-to ask translated wrongly as to demand.

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5. The translator is advised to „transmute boldly‟ and belloc suggest that

the essence of translating is „the resurrection of an alien thing in a native body.

6. The translator should never embellish.15

He does stress the need for the translator to consider the prose texts as a structured whole whilst bearing in mind the stylistic and syntactical exigencies of the TL. He accepts that there is a moral responsibility to the original, but feels that the translator has the right to significantly alter the text in the translation process in order to provide the TL stylistic and idiomatic norms.

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH FINDINGS

A.Data Description

The writer analyzes words, phrases and sentences in the novel A Study in Scarlet Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle (source language “SL”) and then, compares it with its translation Pembuktian Kesimpulan translated by Isti Pratiwi, S.Pd (target language “TL‟).

In these analyses the writer also gives his opinion that is related to both steps, that is analysis in Indonesian and analysis in English to find out how the translation methods are used.

B.Analysis

In data analysis the writer gets the data of the source language text in novel A Study in Scarlet Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle (source

language “SL”) and then, compares it with its translation Pembuktian

Kesimpulan translated by Isti Pratiwi, S.Pd (target language “TL‟). Then, he analysis the method of source language and target language.

a. Communicative Translation 1. SL: “Very right too” (p.17)

TL: “Sangat positif” (p.6)

Based on the English-Indonesian dictionary, the word right in the source language has an equivalent meaning to the kanan in the target

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language. But in the text above, it is translated into the word positif, which commonly have equivalent meaning to whereas. The translator chose the word positif translation of the word kanan, considering to the context of the text that in the novel. The situation of the novel showed that there was a contrast, so that is fine for the translator to choose positif which denotes a contrast as a translation for the word right. The meaning of the word right in the source text can be categorized as a situational meaning due to the communicative situation. The modulation of the noun from the source language into the target language is done by the translator in achieving the textual equivalence. Seen from the context of the text in the novel, the translation result is clear and can be said equivalent to the source language and acceptable in the target language.

2. SL: “Beating the subject” (p.6)

TL: “Memukul-mukul tubuh mayat” (p.17)

The translator of the novel translated the word “subject” by “mayat”, because he used communicative translation, he wants the readers understand well when they read the novel. The word subject in the source text has a situational meaning. It may be meant pokok persoalan, in the target language. But considering to the situation in the in the novel that lestrade asked Sherlock holmes to go home, the word subject is equivalent to the word mayat. The translation result is accurate because the translator transfers the meaning of the word subject in the source language text as

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exactly as possible into the target language. The equivalence in this corpus is categorized as textual equivalence.

3. SL: “It is interesting, chemically, no doubt,” I answered, “but practically” (p. 7)

TL: “Tidak diragukan lagi. Bagi ilmu kimia, penemuan ini sangat

menarik,” jawab saya.” Tapi dari segi kegunaannya… ” (p. 19)

In this example, the translator also used communicative translation, we can see from the meaning. It is very easy to understand what the story tells us about. The word tapi dari segi kegunaannya, is an additional word as ac subject. It is added in the target text in order to make the readership clear and easily understand what is being interrupted, based in the context of the source language. There is an implicature in the source text, i.e. dokter Watson and Sherlock Holmes conversation. The translator wants to achieve the pragmatic equivalence due to the implicature in the source text. The translation result in this corpus is clear, since the translator renders the message of source language into the target language clearly.

4. SL: “You seem to be a walking calendar of crime,” said Stamford with a

laugh.” You might start a paper on those lines. Call it the „ police news of the past‟ (p.8)

TL: “kau seperti kalender criminal berjalan,” kata Stamford sambil tertawa.” Sebenarnya, kau bisa memulai sebuah tulisan dengan menulis

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kasus-kasus itu. Berilah judul: pengalaman Masa Lalu Seorang Polisi.” ( 22)

The translator used different meaning in translating the word “call it the” by “berilah judul” The writer wants to use communicative translation in translating this sentence. The phrase call it the in the source text is translated into berilah judul in the target text. The word it in the target text means to think about something and try to decide what is true or what will happen. It is translated into berilah judul, which show a guessing or thinking expression. The translation chose the word berilah judul in order to achieve an equivalent effect. The translation result in this corpus is accurate. The equivalence in this corpus is categorized into equivalence above word level.

5. SL: “I always smoke „ship‟s‟ myself,” I answered (p.9)

TL: “Saya sendiri juga biasa merokok,” jawab saya. (p.23)

The translator omit the word “ship‟s” to make the readers

understand easily when they read the novel, but it is not increase the main point in the Source Language (SL). in the target text above, there is an additional clauses as an explanation. The phrase ship’s is rewritten, and there is an explanation after it. The translator used this technique because there is no word or phrase in target language that can render the meaning of word or phrase of the source text simply and equivalently. The translation result in this corpus is still unclear because the meaning of

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explanation in the target text is not specific and is not recognized in the target culture perspective.

6. SL: “Let me see – what are my other shortcomings. (p.9)

TL: “Tunggu sebentar, ehm….apalagi ya, kekurangan-kekurangannya saya

yang lain. (p.23)

The translator used different meaning in translating the word “Let me see”, he translates the word by “Tunggu sebentar”, and he adds the word “ehm….” To make the sentence more interactive, so the readers can read it nicely. The phrase ehm….. is added in the target text because the translator wanted the target language readers understand the situation of the story. Th translation result in this corpus is accurate. The equivalence in this corpus is categorized equivalence at word level and above word level.

7. SL: I laughed at this cross – examination.” I keep a bull pup,” I said,” and I object to row because my nerves are shaken, and I get up at all sorts of ungodly hours, and I am extremely lazy.(p. 9)

TL: Saya tertawa mendengar pertanyaannya.” Saya memelihara seekor anak anjing Bulldog” kata saya, “saya tidak suka keributan, kegaduhan karena saya jadi gemetar setiap kali mendengarnya. Saya bangun tidak menentu dan saya sangat malas. (p. 24)

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The translator of the novel translated the word “this cross – examination” by “pertanyaannya”, because he used communicative translation, he wants the readers understand well when they read the novel. in the target text above, there is an additional clause as an explanation. The phrase this cross- examination is rewritten, and there is an explanation after it. The translator used this technique because there is no word or phrase in target language that can render the meaning of word or phrase of the source text simply and equivalently. The translation result in this corpus is still unclear because the meaning of explanation in the target text is not specific and is not recognized in the target culture perspective

8. SL: His ignorance was as remarkable as his knowledge. (p.13) TL: Ketidaktahuannya sama besar dengan pengetahuannya. (p. 30)

The translator translates this sentence by using communicative translation, he translates the words “ignorance” by “Ketidaktahuan” and

the word “remarkable” by ”besar”. He wants the readers understand well

when they read the novel, but it is not increase the main point in the Source Language (SL). the phrase remarkable in the source text is translated into besar in the target text. The word besar is existed in Indonesian dictionaries; meanwhile the word besar is not. However, the word besar which is categorized a borrowing word or a loan word has been popular in Indonesian. The translation result in this corpus is communicative, because the loan word is acceptable in the target culture

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perspective even though there is no lexical unit or term in the target language which can represent the source language concept, because the source language term is popular in the target language readership. The equivalence in this corpus categorized into a stylistic equivalence.

9. SL: “You appear to be astonished,” He said, smiling at my expression of

surprise.”Now that I do know it I shall do my best to forget it.” (p.13) TL: “Kamu sepertinya terkejut,” katanya sambil tersenyum melihat keterkejutan saya.” Sekarang saya tahu tentang hal itu dan saya akan berupaya untuk melupakannya.” (p.30)

The translator of the novel translated the word “You appear to be

astonished” by “Kamu sepertinya terkejut”, because he used

communicative translation, he wants the readers understand well when they read the novel.

10. SL: I was still annoyed at his bumptious style of conversation. I thought it best to change the topic. (p.19)

TL: Saya masih tergantung dengan gaya bicaranya yang sombong. Saya kira lebih baik mengubah topic pembicaraan kami. (p.45)

The translator translates this sentence by using communicative translation, he translates the words “annoyed” by “tergantung” and the word “best” by ”lebih baik”. He wants the readers understand well when they read the novel, but it is not increase the main point in the

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Source Language (SL). Based on the English-Indonesian dictionary, the word annoyed in the source language has an equivalent meaning to the word mengganggu in the target language. But in the text above, it is translated into the word tergantung, which commonly have equivalent meaning to whereas. The translator chose the word tergantung as a translation of the word mengganggu, considering to the context of the text that is the novel dr Watson and Sherlock Holmes wanted style of conversation. The situation of the novel showed that there was contrast, so that it is fine for the translator to choose tergantung which denotes a contrast as a translation for the word annoyed. The meaning of the word annoyed in the sorce text can be categorized as a situational meaning due to the communicative situation.

11. SL: “At what address?”(p.26)

TL: “Kemana surat itu ditunjukan?” (p.63)

The translator of the novel translated the word “At what address?” by “Kemana surat itu ditunjukan?”, because he used communicative translation, the phrase surat itu ditunjukan is added in the target text because the translator wanted the target language readers understand the situation of the conversation in the novel. The situation is two letters – one addressed to. E. J. Debber and one joseph Strengson. The phrase has an evoked meaning, based on the field of discourse,

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context, and the situation of the conversation in novel that the subject was in a particular height when Sherlock Holmes was saying. The translation result in this corpus is accurate. The equivalence in this corpus is categorized the equivalence at word level and above word level.

C.Equivalent in Translation

According to Mona Baker in her book In other Words: a course book on Translation. Equivalence are divided by three types: Grammatical equivalence, Textual equivalence, and Pragmatic equivalence.

The grammatical equivalence is exists in communicative. The writers think that baker said, the grammatical rules may vary across languages and this may pose some problems in terms of finding a direct correspondence in the TL. The communicative translation is the method of translation that involves replacing grammatical structure in the SL into TL. The grammatical equivalence has same characteristic with communicative translation that is change the grammatical in SL text to TL text.

The writer finds textual equivalence in communicative of translation method. Texture is a very important feature in translation since it provides useful guidelines for the comprehension and analysis of the SL which can help the translator in his or her attempt to method a cohesive and coherent text for the TL audience in a specific context. It is up to the translator to decide whether or not to maintain the cohesive ties as well as the coherence of the SL

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text. Translator decision will be guided by three main factors, that is, the target language audience, the purpose of the translation and the text type. The textual equivalence of the research on the data included in the pragmatic equivalence as follows “Very right too” translated “Sangat positif” This example shows

communicative translation, because as we know that the word “right” is “benar

/ kanan”, but in this example the word “right” was translated by “positif”. It is used to make the readers more easily understand about the sentence.

The pragmatic equivalence is exists in communicative translation. The writers think, the pragmatic equivalence make the result of translation easy to understand in TL language. The translator has to be change the viewpoint and perspective in SL to TL and needs to work out implied meanings in translation in order to get the SL message across.

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CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

After having an analysis on English translation of novel study in scarlet Sherlock Holmes (Pembuktian Kesimpulan) by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, The writer concludes some points, such as follow:

1. The translation method which is use by the translator is communicative method only.

2. Those methods of translation are used by the translator to get the translation appropriate to the target culture the perspective or point of view.

3. The equivalence in these translations is consist of textual equivalence, grammatical equivalence and pragmatic equivalence because both of these two pair theories have same characteristic in replacing translation SL to TL.

B. Suggestion

There are some suggestions from the writer among other:

1. For the translator, it is better to translate the source language into the target language as long as it has the equivalent in the target language.

2. The translators have to read a text first, understand it well before starting to translate. They have to recognize what kinds of source text and what kind of translation approach is appropriate to apply.

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3. Hopefully the result of this study will be able to provide valuable information and knowledge about translation, especially the translation method.

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