Focus of the Study Research Question Significance of the Study Equivalence in Translation

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B. Focus of the Study

Based from background of the study above, the focus of the research is on the method of translation and equivalent meaning contained in the novel A Study in Scarlet Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle.

C. Research Question

Based on focus of the study above, the writer intends to propose the research questions below: 1. What translation methods are used in the novel A Study in Scarlet Sherlok Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle? 2. How is the equivalence of meaning between the source language and target language on the translation of the novel A Study in Scarlet Sherlok Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle?

D. Significance of the Study

The goals of the research are as follows: 1. To find the translation methods used in the translation of the novel A Study in Scarlet Sherlok Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle. 2. To know the meaning of equivalence between source language and target language that existed at the translation of the novel A Study in Scarlet Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle. 7

E. Research Metodology

1. The Objectives of the Research

Based on the research question above, the objectives of research is to know the translation method used by the translator in translating the novel A Study in Scarlet Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle.

2. The Method of the Study

The method that is used in this research is qualitative method. Qualitatif method is research which relies on verbal data and non numerical in the same manner as the basic of analyze and creative problem solving of the research. 5 The writer will describe the data and the results obtained from this research is a form of verbal data words or phrases containing an unknown concept in the novel A Study in Scarlet Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle.

3. Instrument of the Study

In this study, the instrument is the writer himself as the main instrument to obtain qualitative data about the methods of translation and equivalence of meaning by reading and analyzing the novel a Study in Scarlet Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle and also from other sources that can provide useful information for this research. However, in conducting this study, the writer was supported by some equipment such as the supporting library of the research and internet. 5 Muhammad Farkhan, Proposal Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra, Jakarta: Cella, 2007. p. 8. 8

4. Unit Analysis

The unit of analysis of the research is several sentence in the novel in this a study in Scarlet Sherlek Holmes which is written by Arthur Conan Doyle, as the source text and several sentence in its translation text in Indonesian language, which is translated by Isti Pratiwi S.pd, as the target language.

5. Technique of Data Analysis

The writer analyzes the data using qualitative analysis method. Firstly, the writer reads original book and compared to its translation. Then he looks up a reliable dictionary to finds out whether the translation is correct or not. If it is correct, he finds out if there is addition or reduction done by translator. He also finds out if there are any absurd or wrong sentences.

6. Place and Time of the Study

This research began in March 2010 in Syari f Hidayatullah Jakarta‟s library, and in certain library of university in Jakarta which provide and give the information and refereces about material that is needed. 9 CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Theory of Translation 1. Definition of Translation

The word translation comes from Latin; trans, across and datum, to carry. From its terminology we can see that translation is the connection between two different languages. But for the beginning, the translator should know what translation means are. There are some definitions of translation taken from many sources, such as: a. Translation is made possible by an equivalent of thought that lies behind its different verbal expression. 1 b. Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. 2 c. Translation is the replacement of representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalence text in a second language. 3 d. Translation is the general term referring to the transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language source to another target, whether the languages are in 1 Zuchridin Suryawinata, Sugeng Haryanto. Translation: Bahasa Teori dan Penuntun Praktis Menerjemahkan. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2000, p. 12 2 Peter Newmark, A textbook of translation. New York: Prentice Hall,1988a, p.5. 3 Robert T Bell. Translation and Translating,”Theory and Practice.”{London: Longman, 1998}, p. 20 written oral form; whether the languages have established orthographies or do not have such standardization or whether one or both languages is based on signs, as with sign languages of the deal 4 . e. Translation is consist in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style 5

2. Methode of Translation

Translation method is a method widely used in teaching foreign languages. The principle is premised in this method is that the mastery of foreign languages learned that can be achieved by exercises translation of languages taught in the mother tongue of students or vice versa. The exercises of this translation is the main exercises in this method Newmark explain eight methods of translation in two perspectives. The first perspective emphasizes on the source language SL and the other on the target language TL. Source language emphasis means that when the translator translates the text, they follow what is common or normal in the source language such as the structure, the lexis, and the culture of the source language, whereas target language emphasis means the translator follows the target language structure, lexis and culture to make the readers comprehend the translation text more. Each perspective provides four methods of translation. 4 Richrad. W. Brislin. Translation: Application and Research. New York: Gardner Press Inc, 1976, p.1 5 Eugene. A. Nida and Charles.R.Taber, The Theory and Practice of TranslationLeiden: E.j.Brill,1974, p.12 The first perspective provides word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, and semantic translation methods while the second perspective provides adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation, and communicative translation methods. Those methods described in the flattened V diagram below: SL emphasis TL Word for word translation Adaption Literal Translation FreTranslation Faithful Translation Idiomatic Translation Semantic Translation Communicative Translation 6 Figure 1: V Diagram of Translation Methods by Peter Newmark 1. The first method in the SL emphasis is word-for-word translation. Here, the translator keeps the SL word order and uses common equivalent words to express the meaning of the source text. Some mechanical and cultural words are translated literally to make it easier for the translator to understand those words before translating the text as a pre-translation process 6 Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation UK: Prentice Hall International, 1988, p. 45 2. The second method is literal translation. In literal translation, the translator tries to change the SL structure into TL structure but the words are translated literally. It is also a pre-translation process in which only the words are translated literally, not the structure like in the previous method. 3. The third is faithful translation. In faithful translation, the translator tries to translate the meaning of the source text attempting to convey the writer‟s intention. Yet, the translation keeps the grammar of the SL and the lexis that deviate the TL norms. 4. The fourth is semantic translation. This method is almost the same as faithful translation. The differences are that semantic translation is more flexible allowing the translator‟s intuitive works based on the original meaning, more accurate not keeping the SL grammar and the lexis that violate the TL norms, and has aesthetic value the beautiful and natural sound than faithful translation. Besides describing SL emphasis methods, Newmark describes TL emphasis methods which are adaption, free translation, idiomatic translation, and communicative translation methods. 1. The first is adaption. This method is mostly used to the plays and poetry. In this translation, the SL culture is transfer into the TL culture and the text is rewriting the theme, characters, and plots are not changed. For example, Don Juan a fragment by Lord Byron, maintains the theme, characters, and plot although the original script has been adapted into modern English. The modern English adaption is to make people understand the fragment better. 2. The second is free translation. In this translation, the translators usually paraphrase the original text but the SL manner, content, and form are not used. For example, some children books like Sleeping Beauty and Three Little Pigs have been rewritten in different version, even not only one but some different versions, from the original story. In the free translation product, the texts do not maintain the content of the original anymore and use the forms that are easier to understand and usually shorter than the original ones. 3. The third is idiomatic translation. This translation attempt to deliver the message of the source text. However, it can give the wrong message because in reproducing the message, the translator uses colloquialisms and equivalent in the TL that may have different meaning in the SL. 4. The last is communicative translation. It attempts to deliver the exact meaning of the source text considering the TL readers their level of education, class, age and sex so the translation product can convey the meaning of the source text communicatively. 7 There are also other types of translation: 8 1. Full Translation 7 Peter Newmark 1988, op. cit p. 45. 8 Zuchridin Suryawita, Sugeng Hariyanto. Translation: Bahasa Teori dan Penuntun Praktis Menerjemahkan Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2003, p.41 In a full translation the entire text is submitted to the translation process: That is, every part of the SL text is replaced by TL text material. 2. Partial Translation In a partial translation, some part or part of the SL text are left untranslated: They are simply transferred to and incorporated in the TL text.

3. The Process of Translation

Translation is not an easy job. It needs serious attempt. Someone cannot translate some texts just like that. The translator should do this work systematically. Therefore, it needs a process. It is useful to guide the translator to do hisher job. According to do Dr. Ronald H. Bathagate, there are seven elements, steps and integral parts in the process of translation such: 1. Turning. By this we mean getting the fell of the text to be translated. Depending on their field of work, translators need to be able to produce the language of a poet or novelist, lawyer or economist, research physicist or factory manager, advertising copywriter or biblical prophet. Each „register‟, as it is often called, demands a different mental approach, a different choice of words or turn of phrase. 2. Analysis. Once the translator has attuned his mind to the framework of the text to be translated, he will take each sentence in turn and split it up into translatable units-words or phrases. He will also establish the syntactic relation between the various elements of the sentence. 3. Understanding. After having split up the sentence to be translated into its elements, the translator will generally put it together again in a form which he can understand or respond to emotionally. The extent to which he can do this will depend on his basic knowledge of the subject matter. 4. Terminology. The next step is to consider the key words and phrases in the sentence to make sure that apart from understanding the and felling what they imply, one has a translation for them which is in line with standardized usage and is neither misleading, ridiculous nor offensive for the target language reader. 5. Restructuring. When all the bricks needed for the edifice of the target language text have been gathered or made, the translator will fit them together in a form, which is in accordance with good usage in the target language. 6. Checking. The translator will doubtless check his draft translation for typing errors and passages where a second perusal suggests a more elegant, or more correct, translation. In addition, it is quite common for someone other than the translator to read through the finished translation and make or suggest changes. 7. Discussion. For this reason, a good way to end the translation process is often with a discussion between the translator and the expert on the subject matter. 9

4. The Principles of Translation

In the world of translation, there are some principles that should be considered by the translator below: 1. A translation must give the words of original. 2. A translation should read like an original work. 3. A translation should reflect the style of the original work. 4. A translation should read as a contemporary of the original. 5. A translation may add to or omit from the original. 6. A translation of verse should be in verse. 7. A translation must give the ideas of the original. 8. A translation should read like translation. 9. A translation should possess the style of the translation. 10. A translation should read as a contemporary of the translation. 11. A translation may never add to or omit from the original. 12. A translation of verse should be in prose. 10 The principles of translation mentioned above are depends on the kinds of translation used by the translator. The first six principles are use when the 9 Dr. Ronald H. Bathgate. A Survey of Translation Theory. In Vann Tall, Jaargang 25, Nummer 2 Holland:1981 10 T.H Savory. The Art of Translation. London: Cape,1981, p. 54 translator Decided to use literal translation word for word translation, while the rest are used when the translator decided to use a freer translation, e.g., idiomatic translation.

5. The procedures of translation

There are some procedures that a translator should know: 1. Translation, this means rendering the sound of an SL to a TL from. 2. Translation, this is the process of rendering the letters of one alphabet for the letters of another with a different alphabetical system. 3. Borrowing, a procedure to adopt SL text when the TL has no equivalent for the SL text. 4. Literal, this is one-to-one structural and conceptual correspondence. It can include borrowing and word-for-word translation. 5. Transposition, this is one of the most common procedures used in translation. It involves replacing a grammatical structure in the SL with one of a different type in the TL in order to achieve the same effect. Example; „Good morning‟ is translates into „Selamat pagi‟. 6. Modulation entails a change in lexical elements; a shift in the point of view Modulation and transposition are two main processes in the translation. Transposition and modulation may take place at the same time. Example: „No smoking‟ is translated into „Dilarang merokok‟. The word „No‟ has Modulation with „dilarang‟ 7. Adaptation, this process is used when the other do not suffice. It involves modifying the concept, or using a situation analogous to the SL situation thought not identical to it. An adaptation May at the same time entail modulation and transposition: „first class‟ is translated into „kelas satu‟. The word „kelas‟ adaptation from „class‟. 8. Omission this means that there is no translation in SL part of the text to TL example; „Beware of the dog‟ is translated into „awas anjing‟. The omission word „of and the‟. 9. Adding, this process is used to help when the translation that had the related with the technique, the culture and others. Adding and borrowing may take plac e at the same time. Example: „National Bank‟ is translated into „ Bank nasional‟ adding word „ Bank‟. 10. Subtraction, this means the decrease of the SL text example: „automobile‟ is translated into „ mobil‟. The subtracting word „auto‟. 11. Expanded. This means expand of the TL text. Example: „whale‟ is translated into „ikan paus‟. The expanded word ‟ikan‟. 6. Untranslability In a translation work, there is much untranslatability found. Catford distinguishes to types of untranslatability, which he terms linguistic and cultural. On the linguistic level, untranslatability, occurs when there is no lexical or syntactical substitute in the TL for an SL item. Linguistic untranslatability, he argues, is due to differences in the TL, whereas cultural untranslatability is due to the absence in the TL culture of a relevant situational feature for the SL text.

B. Equivalence in Translation

The comparison of texts in different languages inevitably involves a theory of equivalence. Equivalence can be said to be the central issue in translation although its definition, relevance, and applicability within the field of translation theory have caused heated controversy, And many different theories of the concept of equivalence have been elaborated within this field in the past fifty years. Nida argued that there are two different types of equivalence, namely formal equivalence which in the second edition by nida and taber is referent to as formal correspondence and dynamic equivalence. Formal correspondence focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content, unlike dynamic equivalence which is based upon‟ the principle of equivalent effect‟. 11 Formal correspondence consist of a TL item which represents the closest equivalent of a SL word of phrase .Nida and taber make it clear that there are not always formal equivalent between language pairs. They therefore suggest that these formal equivalents should be used wherever possible if the translation aims at achieving formal rather than dynamic equivalence. The use of formal equivalent might at times have serieus implications in the TT since the translation will not be easily understood by the target audience. 12 Nida and Taber themselves assert that Typically, formal correspondence distorts the 11 Eugene A. Nida, Towards a Science of Translating, Leidin: E. J. Brill, 1964, p. 159 12 Peter Fawcett, Translation and Language: Linguistic Theories Explained, Manchester: St Jerome Publishing, 1997, p. 201 grammatical and stylistic patterns of the receptor language, and hence distorts the message, so as to cause the receptor to misunderstand or to labor unduly hard. Dynamic equivalence is defined as a translation principle according to which a translator seeks to translate the meaning of the original In such a way that the TL wording will trigger the same impact on the TC audience as the original wording did upon the ST audience. They a rgue that „frequently, the form of the original text is changed; but as long as the change follows the rules of back transformation in the source language, of contextual consistency in the transfer , and of transformation in the receptor language, the message is preserved and the translation is faithful. 13 One can easily see that nida is in favour of the application of dynamic equivalence, as a more effective translation procedure. This is perfectly understandable if we take into account the context of the situation in which nida was dealing with the translation phenomenon, that is to say, his translation process, that is the text in the TL, must have the same Impact on the different readers it was addressing. Only in nida and taber‟s edition is it clearly stated that dynamic equivalence in translation id fare more than more correct communication of information. Despite using a linguistic approach to translation, Nida is much more interested in the message of the text or, in other words, in its semantic quality. 13 Eugen A. Nida and Charles R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1982, p. 200 He therefore strives to make sure that this message remains clear in the target text. New adjective have been assigned to the notion of equivalence grammatical, textual, pragmatic equivalence, and several others and made their appearance in the plethora of recent works in this field. An extremely interesting discussion of the notion of equivalence can be found in Baker 1992 who seems to offer a more detailed list of conditions upon which the concept of equivalence can be defined. She explores the notion of equivalence different levels, in relation to the translation process, including all different aspect of translation and hence putting together the linguistic and the communicative approach. She distinguishes between.  Equivalence that can appear at word level and above word level, when translating from one language into another. Baker acknowledges that, in a bottom-up approach translation, equivalence at word level is the first element to be taken into consideration by the translator. In fact, when the translator starts analyzing the ST shehe looks at the words as single units in order to find a direct „equivalent‟ term in the TL. Baker gives a definition of term word since it should be remembered that a single word since it should be assigned different meanings in different languages and might be regarded as being a more complex unit or morpheme. This means that the translator should pay attention to a number of factors when considering a single word, such as number, gender and tense.  Grammatical equivalence, when referring to the diversity of grammatical categories across languages. Baker notes the grammatical rules may vary across languages and this may pose some problems in terms of finding a direct correspondence in the TL. In fact, she claims that different grammatical structures in the SL and TL may cause remarkable changes in the way the information or message is carried across. These changes may induce the translator either to add or to omit information in the TT because of the lack of particular grammatical devices in the TL itself. Amongst these grammatical devices which might cause problems in translation Baker focuses on number, tense and aspect, voice, person and gender.  Textual equivalence, when referring to the equivalence between a SL text and a TL text in terms of information and cohesion. Texture is a very important feature in translation since it provides useful guidelines for the comprehension and analysis of the source text which can help the translator in his or her attempt to produce a cohesive and coherent text for the target culture audience in a specific context. It is up to the translator to decide whether or not to maintain the cohesive ties as well as the coherence of the SL text. His or her decision will be guided by there main factors, that is, the target audience, the purpose of the translation and the text type.  Pragmatic equivalence, when referring to implicatures and strategies of avoidance during the translation process. Implicature is not about what is explicitly said but what is implied. Therefore, the translator needs to work out implied meanings in translation in order to get the ST message across. The role of the translator is to recreate the authors intention in another culture in such a way that enables the target culture reader to understand it clearly. 14 The notion of equivalence is undoubtedly one of the most problematic and controversial areas in the field of translation theory. The term has caused, and it seems quite probable that it will continue to cause, heated debates within the field of translation studies. This term has been analyzed, evaluated and extensively discussed from different points of view and has been approached from many different perspectives. The first discussions of the notion of equivalence in translation initiated the further elaboration of the term by contemporary theorists. Even the brief outline of the issue given above indicates its importance within the framework of the theoretical reflection. The different in defining equivalence seems to result in the impossibility of having a universal approach to this notion.

C. Translating the literary work