written oral form; whether the languages have established orthographies or do not have such standardization or whether one or both languages is based on
signs, as with sign languages of the deal
4
. e. Translation is consist in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural
equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style
5
2. Methode of Translation
Translation method is a method widely used in teaching foreign languages. The principle is premised in this method is that the mastery of foreign
languages learned that can be achieved by exercises translation of languages taught in the mother tongue of students or vice versa. The exercises of this
translation is the main exercises in this method Newmark explain eight methods of translation in two perspectives. The
first perspective emphasizes on the source language SL and the other on the target language TL. Source language emphasis means that when the translator
translates the text, they follow what is common or normal in the source language such as the structure, the lexis, and the culture of the source language,
whereas target language emphasis means the translator follows the target language structure, lexis and culture to make the readers comprehend the
translation text more. Each perspective provides four methods of translation.
4
Richrad. W. Brislin. Translation: Application and Research. New York: Gardner Press Inc, 1976, p.1
5
Eugene. A. Nida and Charles.R.Taber, The Theory and Practice of TranslationLeiden: E.j.Brill,1974, p.12
The first perspective provides word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, and semantic translation methods while the second
perspective provides adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation, and communicative translation methods. Those methods described in the flattened
V diagram below:
SL emphasis TL
Word for word translation Adaption
Literal Translation FreTranslation
Faithful Translation Idiomatic Translation
Semantic Translation Communicative Translation
6
Figure 1: V Diagram of Translation Methods by Peter Newmark
1. The first method in the SL emphasis is word-for-word translation. Here,
the translator keeps the SL word order and uses common equivalent words to express the meaning of the source text. Some mechanical and cultural
words are translated literally to make it easier for the translator to understand those words before translating the text as a pre-translation
process
6
Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation UK: Prentice Hall International, 1988, p. 45
2. The second method is literal translation. In literal translation, the translator
tries to change the SL structure into TL structure but the words are translated literally. It is also a pre-translation process in which only the
words are translated literally, not the structure like in the previous method. 3.
The third is faithful translation. In faithful translation, the translator tries to translate the meaning of the source text attempting to convey the writer‟s
intention. Yet, the translation keeps the grammar of the SL and the lexis that deviate the TL norms.
4. The fourth is semantic translation. This method is almost the same as
faithful translation. The differences are that semantic translation is more flexible allowing the translator‟s intuitive works based on the original
meaning, more accurate not keeping the SL grammar and the lexis that violate the TL norms, and has aesthetic value the beautiful and natural
sound than faithful translation. Besides describing SL emphasis methods, Newmark describes TL
emphasis methods which are adaption, free translation, idiomatic translation, and communicative translation methods.
1. The first is adaption. This method is mostly used to the plays and
poetry. In this translation, the SL culture is transfer into the TL culture and the text is rewriting the theme, characters, and plots are not
changed. For example, Don Juan a fragment by Lord Byron, maintains the theme, characters, and plot although the original script has been
adapted into modern English. The modern English adaption is to make people understand the fragment better.
2. The second is free translation. In this translation, the translators usually
paraphrase the original text but the SL manner, content, and form are not used. For example, some children books like Sleeping Beauty and
Three Little Pigs have been rewritten in different version, even not only one but some different versions, from the original story. In the
free translation product, the texts do not maintain the content of the original anymore and use the forms that are easier to understand and
usually shorter than the original ones. 3.
The third is idiomatic translation. This translation attempt to deliver the message of the source text. However, it can give the wrong
message because in reproducing the message, the translator uses colloquialisms and equivalent in the TL that may have different
meaning in the SL. 4.
The last is communicative translation. It attempts to deliver the exact meaning of the source text considering the TL readers their level of
education, class, age and sex so the translation product can convey the meaning of the source text communicatively.
7
There are also other types of translation:
8
1. Full Translation
7
Peter Newmark 1988, op. cit p. 45.
8
Zuchridin Suryawita, Sugeng Hariyanto. Translation: Bahasa Teori dan Penuntun Praktis Menerjemahkan Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2003, p.41
In a full translation the entire text is submitted to the translation process: That is, every part of the SL text is replaced by TL text material.
2. Partial Translation
In a partial translation, some part or part of the SL text are left untranslated:
They are simply transferred to and incorporated in the TL text.
3. The Process of Translation
