7. Discussion. For this reason, a good way to end the translation process
is often with a discussion between the translator and the expert on the subject matter.
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4. The Principles of Translation
In the world of translation, there are some principles that should be considered by the translator below:
1. A translation must give the words of original.
2. A translation should read like an original work.
3. A translation should reflect the style of the original work.
4. A translation should read as a contemporary of the original.
5. A translation may add to or omit from the original.
6. A translation of verse should be in verse.
7. A translation must give the ideas of the original.
8. A translation should read like translation.
9. A translation should possess the style of the translation.
10. A translation should read as a contemporary of the translation.
11. A translation may never add to or omit from the original.
12. A translation of verse should be in prose.
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The principles of translation mentioned above are depends on the kinds of translation used by the translator. The first six principles are use when the
9
Dr. Ronald H. Bathgate. A Survey of Translation Theory. In Vann Tall, Jaargang 25, Nummer 2 Holland:1981
10
T.H Savory. The Art of Translation. London: Cape,1981, p. 54
translator Decided to use literal translation word for word translation, while the rest are used when the translator decided to use a freer translation, e.g., idiomatic
translation.
5. The procedures of translation
There are some procedures that a translator should know: 1.
Translation, this means rendering the sound of an SL to a TL from. 2.
Translation, this is the process of rendering the letters of one alphabet for the letters of another with a different alphabetical system.
3. Borrowing, a procedure to adopt SL text when the TL has no
equivalent for the SL text. 4.
Literal, this is one-to-one structural and conceptual correspondence. It can include borrowing and word-for-word translation.
5. Transposition, this is one of the most common procedures used in
translation. It involves replacing a grammatical structure in the SL with one of a different type in the TL in order to achieve the same
effect. Example; „Good morning‟ is translates into „Selamat pagi‟. 6.
Modulation entails a change in lexical elements; a shift in the point of view Modulation and transposition are two main processes in the
translation. Transposition and modulation may take place at the same time. Example: „No smoking‟ is translated into „Dilarang merokok‟.
The word „No‟ has Modulation with „dilarang‟ 7.
Adaptation, this process is used when the other do not suffice. It involves modifying the concept, or using a situation analogous to the
SL situation thought not identical to it. An adaptation May at the same time entail modulation and transposition: „first class‟ is translated into
„kelas satu‟. The word „kelas‟ adaptation from „class‟. 8.
Omission this means that there is no translation in SL part of the text to TL
example; „Beware of the dog‟ is translated into „awas anjing‟. The omission word „of and the‟.
9. Adding, this process is used to help when the translation that had the
related with the technique, the culture and others. Adding and borrowing may take plac
e at the same time. Example: „National Bank‟ is translated into „ Bank nasional‟ adding word „ Bank‟.
10. Subtraction, this means the decrease of the SL text example:
„automobile‟ is translated into „ mobil‟. The subtracting word „auto‟. 11.
Expanded. This means expand of the TL text. Example: „whale‟ is
translated into „ikan paus‟. The expanded word ‟ikan‟. 6.
Untranslability
In a translation work, there is much untranslatability found. Catford distinguishes to types of untranslatability, which he terms linguistic and
cultural. On the linguistic level, untranslatability, occurs when there is no lexical or syntactical substitute in the TL for an SL item. Linguistic
untranslatability, he argues, is due to differences in the TL, whereas cultural untranslatability is due to the absence in the TL culture of a
relevant situational feature for the SL text.
B. Equivalence in Translation
