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Come in. b. Offers
Leave it, Ill clean up later. Eat
2. Positive Politeness
It is usually seen in groups of friends, or where people in the given social situation know each other fairly well. It usually tries to minimize the distance
between them by expressing friendliness and solid interest in the hearers need to be respected minimize the FTA. In addition to hedging and attempts to avoid
conflict, some strategies of positive politeness include statements of friendship, solidarity, and compliments.
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Positive politeness techniques are usable not only for FTA redress, but in general as a kind of social accelerator, where S, in using them, indicates the he
wants to ‘come closer’ to H.
a. Claim Common Ground
This category of positive politeness involves S claiming ´common ground` with H, by indicating S and H belongs to the same set of persons, who share
specific wants, including goals and values. There are three ways of making this ways:
1. S may convey that some want goal of H’s is admirable or interesting to S too. strategy 1-3
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Ibid p.103
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2. S may stress common membership in a group or category. strategy 4 3. S can claim common perspective with H without necessarily referring to
in-group membership. strategy 5-8
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Strategy 1: Notice, attend to H his interests, wants, needs, goods
In general, this output suggests that S should take notice of aspects of H’s condition including noticeable changes, remarkable possessions, and anything
which looks as though H would want S to notice and approve of it. E.g.: -
What a beautiful case this is Where did it come from? -
Goodness, you cut your hair By the way, I came to borrow some flour.
Strategy 2: Exaggerate interests, approval, sympathy with H
Oxford Collocations Dictionary stated that exaggerated expression is commonly used in politeness, moreover its thesaurus explained that it is the act
of making something more noticeable.
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Simply, exaggeration is a way to give notice of H’s interests more highly.
This is often done with exaggerated intonation, stress, and other aspects of prosodics, as well as with intensifying modifiers, e.g. How absolutely incredible,
What a fantastic garden you have
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Fallon, Daniel. Positive and Negative Politeness. Hildesheim: Hildesheim University Press. 2004. p.8
14
Abate, Frank R. The Oxford Dictionary and Thesaurus: The Ultimate Language Reference for American Readers. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1996
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Strategy 3: Intensify interest to H
Another way for S to communicate to H that he shares some of his wants is to intensify the interest of his own S’s contribution to the conversation, by
‘making good story’. This may be done by using ‘vivid present’, tag question or expressions that draw H as a participant into the conversation, such as ‘you
know?’, ‘see what I mean?’, ‘isn’t it?’. A related technique is to exaggerate facts, e.g. You always do the dishes I’ll
do them this time.
Strategy 4: Use in-group markers
By using any of the innumerable ways to convey in-group membership, S can implicitly claim the common group with H that is carried by that definition of the
group like address form, language or dialect, jargon or slang, and ellipsis or contraction. For example:
- Come here,
buddy. -
I came to borrow your Audi if you don’t mind.
Strategy 5: Seek agreement
Another characteristic way of claiming common ground with H is to seek ways in which it is possible to agree with him. This may be done by using ‘safe
topics’ that allows S to stress his agreement with H and therefore to satisfy H’s desire to be ‘right’, or to be corroborated in his opinions. Besides, agreement
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may also be stressed by repeating part or all of what the preceding speaker has said in a conversation. For instance:
A : She had an accident last week. B : Oh my God, an accident
Strategy 6: Avoid disagreement
Avoiding disagreement is another characteristic of noticing what H speak. This can be shown by several ways below:
a Token agreement, S should pretend to agree with H in order to hide disagreement.
E.g. A : You hate your Mom and Dad.
B : Oh, sometimes. b Pseudo-agreement, by using then as a conclusory marker, an indication that
S is drawing conclusion to a line of reasoning carried out cooperatively with the addressee. E.g. We’ll be talking together then.
c White lies, S has to lie when confronted with the necessity to state an opinion. E.g. Yes I do like your new hat Even S does not like.
d Hedging opinion, S may choose to be vague about his own opinions, so as not to be seen to disagree. This may be done by hedging it with several
phrases such as, sort of, kind of, like, in a way. E.g. It’s really beautiful, in a way.
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Strategy 7: Presupposeraiseassert common ground a Gossip or small talk, talking for a while about unrelated topics as a mark of
friendship or interest in H can give rise to the strategy of redressing an FTA.
b Point-of-view operation, is a method of ‘taking the role of the other’ that can
reduce the distance between S’s and H’s point of view by using four ways below:
1. Personal-center switch: S to H. This is where S speaks as if H were
S, or H’s knowledge were equal to S’s knowledge. This can be expressed by using of tag question. E.g. I had a really hard time
learning to drive, didn’t I? Or it can also be shown by giving empathy, S asserts what only H can know. E.g. Yes dear, it hurts terribly, I
know.
2. Time switch: The use of the ‘vivid present’, a tense shift from past to present tense. E.g. John says do you want to come too?
3. Place switch: The use of proximal rather than distal demonstratives
here, this, rather than there, that, where either proximal or distal would be acceptable, seems to convey increased involvement or
empathy. For example, on saying goodbye: This was a lovely party.
c Presupposition manipulations, S presupposes something when he
presumes that it is mutually taken for granted. The manipulation of such presuppositions where something is not really mutually assumed to be the
case, but S speaks as if it were mutually assumed, can be turned to positive- face redress, as illustrated in the following four sets of examples.
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1. Presuppose knowledge of H’s wants and attitudes. Negative
questions, which presume ‘yes’ as an answer, are widely used as a way to indicate that S knows H’s wants, tastes, habits, etc. and thus
partially to redress the imposition of FTAs. E.g. Don’t you want some dinner now?, Don’t you think it’s marvelous?
2. Presuppose H’s values are the same as S’s values. The use of
scalar predicates such as ‘tall’ assumes that S and H share the criteria for placing people or things on this scale.
3. Presuppose familiarity in S-H relationship. The use of familiar
address forms like honey or darling presupposes that the addressee is ‘familiar’.
4. Presuppose H’s knowledge. The use of any term presupposes that
the referents are known to the addressee such as in-group codes, language, dialect, jargon, and local terminology. E.g. Well I was
watching High Life last nigh and…
Strategy 8: Joke
Jokes may be used to stress mutual shared background knowledge and values that may minimize an FTA of requesting. E.g. How about lending me this
old heap of junk? H’s new Cadillac.
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b. Convey that S and H are cooperators
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