T ab le of the E lem ent of T ext R esearch T ab le of D efin ition of D iscourse T ab le of the C haracteristic of T ext R esearch
L IST O F A PPE N D IC E S
1. C hinese N ew Y ear E up horia and Political T raum a ................................. 64
2. Fittin g In ....................................................................................................... 70
x
C H A PT E R I IN T R O D U C T IO N
A . B ackground of the Study
T o d a y, m ed ia
h o ld im p o rtan t
ro le s in
h u m a n life.
M e d ia are
n o t o n ly fu n c tio n e d a s so u rc e o f in fo rm a tio n b u t also a s trig g e rin g fa cto r in c h a n g in g
o f so c ia l, cu ltu re, p o litic an d ec o n o m y. H arso n o S u w a n d i – le c tu re o f P o litic an d C o m m u n ica tio n P o stgrad u a te F IS IP
U I – as e x c erp te d b y Ib n u H a m a d , sa ys th a t th e re are fiv e asp ec ts fro m m ass m ed ia w h ic h m ak e it im p o rtan t.
“Pertama, daya
jangkauan coverage
yang sangat
luas dalam
menyebar- luaskan informasi
politik; yang
mampu melewati
batas wilayah geografis, kelompok umur, jenis kelamin dan social-ekonomi-
status demografis
dan perbedaan paham
dan orientasi
psikografis. Kedua,
kemampua nnya m elipat-gandakan pesan
multiplier of message yang luar biasa. Ketiga, setiap
media massa
bisa mewacanakan
sebuah peristiwa
sesuai pandangann ya
masing-masing. Keempat,
tentu saja
dengan fungsi
agenda setting yang
dimilikinya, media
memiliki kesempatan
yang sangat
luas bahkan hampit tanpa batas untuk memberitakan sebuah peristiwa. Kelima,
pemberitaan peristiwa
oleh suatu
media lazimnya
berkaitan dengan
media lainnya hingga
membentuk rantai
informasi media
as links
in other chains.”
1
B a sed o n th e e x p lan a tio n ab o v e ca n b e co n clu d ed , first, m ed ia h a v e la rg e co v e ra g e . N e w s w h ic h is p ro d u c ed b e co m es atten tio n in e v e ryw h e re a n d ev ery
asp e ct o f so ciety. S e c o n d , m e d ia h av e a g re at m u ltip lie r m essa g e s. A n e v e n t n o t o n ly c an b e
1
P refa c e o f H a rso n o S u w a n d i, le c tu re o f P o litic a n d C o m m u n ic a tio n P o stg ra d u a te F I S IP U I in Ib n u H a m a d , Konstruksi Realitas Politik dalam M edia M assa: Sebuah Studi Critical D iscourse Analysis
terhadap Berita-berita Politik, J a k arta : G ra n it, 2 0 0 4 . P re fac e p a g e .
1
m u ltip lie d d ep en d s o n h o w m a n y e x e m p la rs w h ic h are n ee d e d b u t a lso c an b e p rin ted m o re a n d m o re. T h ird , m e d ia h av e th e ir o w n d isco u rse . It m e an s th a t m ass
m ed ia th ro u g h th e ir p o lic y d e te rm in e th e ap p e aran ce a n d th e co n ten t o f it th ro u gh th e tex ts. F o u rth , m ed ia h a v e larg e o p p o rtu n itie s fo r d eliv e rin g th e n e w s, a n d th e n e w s
can b e fla sh e d o r
n o t. A n d
th e la st,
a s lin k s
in o th e r
ch a in s ca n
a d d se p a ra te d
p o w e r in d istrib u tin g
in fo rm a tio n an d
an e ffe ct
to th e
p u b lic . B y th is asp e c t, m a ss m ed ia b ec o m e stro n g e r in m a k in g p u b lic o p in io n .
M e d ia a lso
m a k e th e
fra m in g o f
m e ssa ge s p ro c ess.
In th e
fra m in g o f m e ssag es, m ed ia c an ch o o se th e fa c t, w h ic h w ill b e w ritte n o r n o t in th e
n e w s tex ts. W h a tev er th e fac to rs, if m ass m e d ia h a v e b ec o m e an ag e n t o f p o litic , th e o b jec tiv itie s o f th e n e w s tex t w ill b e cru c ia l. M o reo v e r, o n e o f th e
ch a rac teristic s o f m ed ia is m ak in g p u b lic o p in io n .
Z e llin g S .
H a rries 1 9 5 2
firstly in tro d u c e s th e
te rm o f
te x t d isc o u rse.
H e started to sea rc h th e lan gu a g e p rin c ip les th a t ex p la in h o w th e sen ten c e w ith in a tex t c o n n e c te d b y a typ e o f e x te n d e d gra m m a tic a l.
2
F a irc lo u gh d iv id ed d is c o u rse a n a lysis in to th re e d im en sio n : text, discourse
practice and
socio-cultural practice.
3
H o w e v er, in
th is resea rc h
th e w rite r
o n ly fo c u ses o n th e te x t lev e l. In th e F airc lo u g h m o d e l, an a n alysis o f te x t is a n a lyz e d lin gu istic a lly;
b y see in g th e
w o rd s, se m an tic,
an d th e
stru c tu re . A ll
o f th e
ele m e n ts, w h ic h
a re
2
G u y C o o k , Discourse, O x fo r d : O x fo rd U n iv e rsity P re ss 1 9 8 9 , p . 3 .
3
E riy a n to , Analisis Wacana: PengantarAnalisis Teks M edia, Y o g y a k a rta : L K iS , 2 0 0 3 , p . 2 8 6 .
2
an a lyz ed , a re u s ed fo r see in g th re e p ro b le m s, re p re se n ta tio n , re la tio n an d id en tity.
R ep re se n ta tio n a sp e ct w an ts to see h o w th e ev e n t, p eo p le o r a n yth in g is sh o w n an d d escrib e d in th e tex t. R e latio n asp e ct w a n ts to se e h o w th e re la tio n b e tw e e n jo u rn a list
an d p u b lic are sh o w n a n d d e sc rib ed in th e te x t. Id en tity a sp e ct w an ts to s ee h o w th e id en tity o f jo u rn a list an d p u b lic a re sh o w n a n d d esc rib ed in th e te x t. A ll
o f th o se a sp ec ts are rela te d to jo u rn a list an d th e in stitu tio n o f m e d ia a s n e w s
m ak e r. W e a re g o in g to fin d th e e x a m p les as fo llo w s: 1 a P o lic e m an ra p e d a w o m an . b P o lice m an d id a rap e . c A
w o m a n e x p e rie n c ed a
rap e. d
A w o m an
w a s ra p ed .
e R ap es
h a p p en in a n yw h e re.
2 T h e stu d e n ts o f U G M a re fid g e ty w ith th e o c cu rrin g c a m p u s au to n o m y.
T h e e x a m p le 1 a is clea r e n o u gh c a lled as a se n ten ce te x t su b je ct + v e rb + o b je c t. T h e e v en t o n ly p u ts in to o n e p artic ip a n t in th e te x t, e ith e r th e su b jec t o r th e
o b je c t. In b th e te x t o m its th e o b je c t. In c th e te x t o m its th e o b jec t. T h e e v e n t is in tra n sitiv e se n te n c e su b jec t +
v e rb . In d th e te x t is o n ly sh o w n
th e situ a tio n , w ith o u t m e n tio n in g an d m a y h id e th e su b je ct o f th e ac to r’s a c tio n . It o n ly
d e sc rib es th at th ere
w as a
w o m a n w h o
w a s rap ed .
A n o th e r typ e
is m en tal
p ro ce ss; sh o w so m e th in g
as p h en o m e n a ,
g en eral s ym p to m ,
w h ic h crea tes
co n sc io u sn esse s th e p u b lic , w ith o u t sh o w in g th e su b je c t ac to r a n d th e
v ic tim s sp e cific a lly, lik e in th e tex t d . It o n ly d esc rib e s
th e p h en o m en o n w h ic h
is h ap p e n in g in
th e so c ie ty. T h e
d iffere n c e typ e is n o t o n ly stru c tu ral p ro b le m b e c a u se th e p u b lic w h o g e t th e m ea n in g
3
are d iffe ren t b u t a lso h o w an ev en t, a c tio n , o r ac to r c a n b e sh o w n d iffe re n tly b y u sin g d ifferen t stru c tu ral in lan gu a g e .
4
T h e e x a m p le 2 is a m b iv a le n c e n e w s. D o e s th e s en te n c e c o n stitu te v o ic e o f a stu d en t w h ich th e n sh o w n b y jo u rn a list? O n th e o th e r h a n d , d o e s it c o n stitu te v o ic e o f
th e w riter?
D o es th e
w o rd co n stitu te
a ctu a lity th at
is sp o k en
b y th e
au th o rities o r stu d e n ts? T h e e le m en ts m a y b e fo rm e d fo r b ein g tran sla ted in th e d iffe re n t w a y b y th e p u b lic o r re a d e r, an tic ip a ted an d in te r-te x tu a l is th e so u rc e o f th e
a m b iv a len ce .
5
A n o rd e r
o f d isc o u rse
is a
so c ia l stru c tu rin g
o f se m io tic
d iffe re n c e –
a p articu la r so c ia l o rd e rin g o f re la tio n sh ip s a m o n gst d ifferen t w a ys o f m a k in g m ea n in g ,
ie d iffe re n t
d isc o u rse a n d
g en re s an d
style s. O n e asp e ct
o f th is
ord e rin g is d o m in a n c e :
so m e w a ys
o f m ak in g
m ea n in g a re
d o m in a n t o r
m a in stre a m in
a p a rticu la r o rd e r o f d isco u rse , o th e rs a re m a rg in a l, o r o p p o sitio n a l, o r ‘a ltern a tiv e’. F o r in stan ce , th e re
m a y b e
a d o m in a n t
w a y to co n d u c t a d o c to r-p a tie n t co n su lta tio n in B ritain , b u t th e re a re a lso v ario u s o th e r
w a ys, w h ic h m a y b e a d o p ted o r d ev e lo p ed to a
gre a te r o r
le sse r ex te n t
in o p p o sitio n
to th e
d o m in a n t w a y.
T h e d o m in a n t
w a y p ro b ab ly still
m a in ta in s so c ia l
d ista n c e b e tw e en
d o c to rs an d
p a tien ts, a n d
th e au th o rity o f th e d o c to r o v e r th e w a y in tera ctio n p ro c ee d s; b u t th e re are o th e rs w a ys w h ich
are m o re
‘ d e m o c ra tic ’,
in w h ic h
d o c to rs p la y
d o w n th eir
au th o rity. T h e p o litica l c o n cep t o f ‘h e g e m o n y’ c an u s efu lly b e
u sed in a n a lyz in g o rd ers o f d isco u rse –
a p articu lar
so c ial stru c tu rin g
o f se m io tic
d iffe re n c e m a y
b ec o m e h e g e m o n ic ,
4
Op .Cit, p. 292-293.
5
Ibid, p. 3 0 6 – 3 0 7 .
4
b ec o m e p art
o f th e
leg itim iz in g co m m o n
se n se w h ich
su stain s re la tio n s
o f d o m in a tio n , b u t h e g e m o n y w ill a lw a ys b e c o n te ste d to a grea te r o r lesse r ex te n t, in
h eg e m o n ic stru g g le . A n o rd e r o f d isc o u rse is n o t a c lo sed o r rig id s yste m , b u t ra th e r an o p e n s yste m , w h ic h is p u t a t risk b y w h a t h a p p e n s in ac tu a l in te ra c tio n s.
6
C ritic al D isco u rse A n a lys is – a s a typ e o f d isc o u rse a n a lysis w h ich stu d ies h o w d o m in a tio n an d in ju stic e a re c a rrie d o u t a n d p ro d u ce d th ro u gh te x t –
co n stitu te p a rt o f e ffo rt fo r re tu rn in g so m e th in g c u ltu ral stu d ie s – w h ic h is esp ec ia lly d ev e lo p e d
in E n g la n d – to th e ir ro o ts as critica l stu d ies. B a sed o n th o se re a lities, th e w rite r is go in g to a n a lyz e th e te x t th e J ak arta P o st
b y u sin g critic a l d isco u rs e an alysis.
B . Focus of the Stu dy
T h is resea rch
u se s C ritic al
D isco u rse A n a lysis
C D A as
m e th o d o lo g y a p p ro ach . T h is
re s ea rc h is
b a sed o n
th e in te rp re tatio n
a n d fo cu se s
o n h o w
th e rep res en ta tio n , re la tio n
an d id e n tities
a re sh o w n
a n d d escrib e d in th e te x t o f th e Ja k a rta P o st.
7
6
N o rm a n F a irc lo u g h , The Dialectics of Discourse, h ttp :w w w .g o o g le .c o .id se a rc h ? h l= id q = id e n tity 2 C + re la tio n 2 C + re p r e se n ta tio n + th e o ry + N o r m a
n + F a ir c lo u g h b tn G = T e lu s u ri+ d e n g a n + G o o g le m e ta = a q = f o q = . A c c e s se d o n F e b ru a ry 2 5 , 2 0 0 9 . p . 2 .
7
W h y is it b a se d o n th e in te rp re ta tio n ? A c c o rd in g to J o h n B . T h o m so n , if w e w a n t to d o
d e e p e st a n a ly sis fro m c o n te n t, w e h a v e to d o
in te rp re ta tio n b e c a u se th e in te rp re ta tio n is a lw a y s re la te d to w h a t is n o t re a l o f w h a t w e s e e . T h e d e e p e st m e a n in g c a n b e k n o w n if w e d o
a n a ly sis d e e p ly b y re la tin g to s tru c tu re a n d so c ia l c o n te x t w h ic h c o v e r th e te x t. A n d th e p ro c e ss w h ic h re la te s th e te x t a n d
th e so c ia l c o n te x t
c a n n o t b e d o n e o n ly b y se e in g b u t
a lso b y
in te rp re tin g . J o h n B . T h o m so n , Ideology and
M odern Culture:
Critical Social
Theory in
the Era
of M ass
Comm unication, C a m b rid g e : P o lity P re ss, 1 9 9 0 , p . 2 0 -2 2 . in E riy a n to , ibid. p p . 2 3 9 .
5
C . R esearch Q uestion
B a sed o n th e b a c k g ro u n d o f th e stu d y, th e m a in q u estio n s o f th e rese a rc h a re: 1 .
H o w is th e C h in e s e rep resen tatio n d e s crib ed b y th e jo u rn a list in th e te x t o f th e Ja k a rta P o st?
2 . H o w a re th e re la tio n a n d id e n tities o f th e jo u rn a list sh o w n in th e tex t
o f th e Ja k a rta P o st?
D . T he S ignificances of the Study
T h e re se arch
w ill a n a ly z e
th e tex t
o f T h e
Ja k a rta P o st.
T h en , th e
w rite r e x p ec ts, th is re sea rc h w ill b e u se fu l, esp ec ia lly fo r th e w rite r h im se lf to stu d y ab o u t a te x t an d k n o w s m o re ab o u t so c ia l p ro b le m
in In d o n e sia a n d
ge n e ra lly fo r b e in g refe ren c e fo r o th e r p eo p le .
E . R esearch M ethodology