6
re so u rc e s th at are c o n tro lle d in stitu tio n a lly. T h e p a tte rn s o f ac ce ss to d isco u rse a n d co m m u n ic ativ e ev en ts a re o n e e ssen tial e le m e n t fo r C D A .
2. Instrum ent of the R esearch
T h e in stru m en t in th is re sea rc h is th e w rite r h im self w ith c o llec tin g , re ad in g an d an alyz in g th e re lev a n t d a ta w ith th e rese arch .
3. T echniques of D ata A nalysis
T h e tec h n iq u e s o f d a ta stu d y a re b e g u n b y co lle c tin g th e m a teria l, in th is c a se is n e w s tex ts o f T h e J ak a rta P o st.
T h e sec o n d p h ase is te x t a n a lysis a p p lic a tio n . T h is p h a se is d iv id ed in to th re e lev e ls; re p res en ta tio n , re la tio n an d id e n tity. T h e d e ta ils are:
T ab le I T he E lem ent of T ext R esearch
T h e E le m en t F o r se e in g
R ep re se n ta tio n H o w
th e ev en t,
p eo p le , p u b lic,
situ atio n o r
an yth in g a re sh o w n a n d d esc rib ed in th e te x t. R e la tio n
H o w th e re la tio n b e tw e e n jo u rn a list, p u b lic a n d n e w s p a rtic ip a n ts a re sh o w n a n d d escrib e d
in th e te x t.
7
Id en tity H o w
jo u rn a list’s, p u b lic’s
an d n e w s
p artic ip an t’s id e n tity a re sh o w n a n d d esc rib e d in th e tex t.
8
C H A PT E R II T H E O R E T IC A L FR A M E W O R K
A . M ass M edia as Institution
R a y E . H ieb ert, in “ M a ss M e d ia an In tro d u c tio n to M o d ern C o m m u n ic a tio n ,” ex ce rp ted
b y S u rya
F a h riz a l, sa ys
“ T h e
m a ss m e d ia
a re in stitu tio n
o f p u b lic co m m u n ic atio n . T h e y p a rtic ip a te in e v e ry p o litic a l, ec o n o m ic an d
cu ltu ra l asp e ct o f o u r so c ie ty.
1
O n e o f th e typ es o f m a s s m ed ia is m a ga z in e . T o to k D ju ro to , as ex ce rp ted b y P riyo n o
san to so , sa ys
th at m a g a z in e
is “
c o lle c tio n o f
n e w s, a rticle ,
sto ry, ad v e rtise m en t, e tc , w h ic h p rin te d in sh ee t o f p a p e r in le tter o r fo lio siz e, b an d ed in to b o o k . A m a g a z in e u su a lly co m es o u t re gu larly, w ee k ly o r m o n th ly.”
2
In Kamus Bahasa Indonesia is m e n tio n ed th a t: ”Majalah
adalah terbitan
yg berisi
berbagai liputan
jurnalistik, pandangan topic
aktual pembaca,
penerbitannya dibedakan
atas bulanan,
tengah bu lanan, mingguan, dsb, dan menurut isinya, dibedakan atas berita, wanita, remaja, olahraga, sastra, ilmu pengetahuan tertentu,
dsb.”
3
F ro m th e e x p lan a tio n ab o v e , th e w rite r tak es a co n c lu sio n th at m a g a z in e is as o n e o f m ass m e d ia w h ic h co m e o u t re g u la rly w ith a co v e r p a p er, u sin g p h o to
an d
1
S u ry a F a c h riz a l, “ W a c a n a S e k u la ris m e , P lu ra lis m e , d a n L ib e ra lis m e S P L P a d a P e m b e rita a n L K B N A n ta ra d a n K o ra n T e m p o M e n g e n a i H u k u m C a m b u k d i A c e h d a n F a tw a M U I T e n ta n g S P L d a n
A h m a d iy a h ,” S k rip si, J a k a rta : In stitu t Ilm u S o sia l d a n Ilm u P o litik , 2 0 0 6 , p ..2 1 . u .p .
2
P riy o n o S a n to sa , “Ju rn a lis m e S a stra M B M T e m p o se b a g a i P ra k tik E ste tik d a n P o litik B a h asa M e d ia p a d a
P e m b e rita a n K a su s
D u g a a n K o ru p si
y a n g M e lib a tk a n
P e ja b a t N e g a ra
K a b in e t In d o n e sia
B e rsa tu ,” sk rip si, J a k a rta : In stitu t Ilm u S o sia l d a n Ilm u P o litik , 2 0 0 6 , p .2 6 . u .p .
3
T im P e n y u su n K a m u s P u sa t B a h a sa , Kamus Bahasa Indonesia, J a k a rta : P u sa t B a h a sa , 2 0 0 8 , p . 9 6 9
9
illu stra tio n an d c o n sist o f jo u rn a listic rep o rt, a c tu al to p ic w h ich h a s to b e k n o w n b y th e rea d e r p u b lic .
B . N ew s and O bjectivity
K u rn ia w a n J u n ae d i e x p lain s th at n e w s is “rep o rt a n n o u n c e m en t a b o u t e v en t w h ic h h a p p en o r ge n e ra l situ a tio n an d ac tu a l w h ic h is p re se n ted b y jo u rn a list th ro u gh
m ass m ed ia.”
4
D jafa r H . A ss e g a f d e fin e s n e w s as “ rep o rt a b o u t a fa ct o r id e a a b o u t m ass,
w h ic h is ch o sen b y red u c tio n staff fo r d istrib u tin g w h ic h can in te rest rea d er, e ith e r it is w o n d erfu l o r c o v e r h u m a n
in terest fo r in sta n c e , h u m o r, e m o tio n an d
stra in e d situ a tio n .”
5
In a n o th e r
h an d , H o eta
S o eh o e t d efin e s
n e w s b e co m e
th ree , as
P riy o n o S an to so e x c erp te d , as fo llo w s:
6
a Berita adalah keterangan mengenai peristiwa atau isi pernyataan manusia b Berita bagi seseorang adalah keterangan mengenai peristiwa atau isi
pernyataan manusia yang perlu baginya untuk mewujudkan filsafat hidupnya
c Berita bagi suatu surat kabar adalah keterangan mengenai peristiwa atau isi pernyataan yang perlu bagi pembacanya untuk mewujudkan filsafat hidupnya
M o reo v e r, H o e ta S o eh o et te lls th at th e m a in p re req u isites w h ich h a v e to b e fu lfilled b y a n e w s te x t is th e tru th , an d u se fu l fo r so c ie ty. T h e tru e
p rereq u isite s
4
K u rn ia w a n J u n a e d h ie , Ensiklopedi Pers Indonesia, J a k a rta : G ra m e d ia P u sta k a U ta m a , 1 9 9 1 , p .2 6
5
D jafa r H . A sse g a f, Jurnalistik M asa Kini: Pengan tar ke Praktek Kewartawanan, J a k a rta: G h a lia In d o n e sia , 1 9 8 3 , p ..2 4
6
P riy o n o S a n to so , Op. .Cit. p . 3 1
1 0
p o in ts to th e fa ct w h ich is o b je c tiv e th a t th e n e w s ev e n t is re a lly h ap p e n a n d fa c t, n o t m o re a n d n o t le ss, n o t in th e sa m e m an n e r a s jo u rn alist w a n t. L ik e o r d islik e , rep o rter
m u st arra n g e th e n e w s te x t a b o u t th e ev en t as in th e sa m e m a n n e r a s th e fa c t. B a sed o n th e e x p lan a tio n ab o v e, th e re is ap p o site m e an in g in it. In o n e s id e ,
th e n e w s h a s to b e w ritte n in th e sa m e m a n n e r a s fa ct, b u t in a n o th e r sid e th ere is a n effo rt to e n clo se th e life p h ilo so p h y id eo lo g y in th e n e w s w h ic h w ill b e d istrib u te d .
If m a ss m ed ia w an ts to e n c lo se th e id e o lo g y, so it is im p o ssib le to d e liv e r th e n e w s
o b je c tiv e ly. W h en
th e n e w s
is w ritte n
sin c e th e
jo u rn a list so u g h t,
w ro te , an d ch o se an d
p lac e m en t n e w s
w h ic h is
d o n e b y
th e red u c tio n
staff, a u to m a tic a lly, re fo rm a tio n
o f th e
re ality th ro u gh
m e d ia d iscu rsiv e
p ra c tic e o n th e n e w s w ill b e d istrib u ted . In
th e te rm o f it, m a ss m ed ia c ap ita liz e in p ro d u c in g p re ju d ic e , b e ca u se th e ev en t is n o t rep o rte d o n th e sa m e as th e rea lity o r o n p art o f th e ev en t. It c a n b e
sa id th at m ed ia a re an a g en t th at d efin e th e re a lity w h ic h is in h id d e n im p o rtan c e .
7
B e c a u se o f th e
id e o lo g y fro m
th e m a ss
m ed ia itse lf, it cau s e s
th e n e w s
b ec o m e n o t o b jec tiv e. H e n ce , fo r giv in g m o re e x p lan a tio n , th e w rite r is g o in g to lo o k u p in critica l p a ra d ig m .
7
A g u s S u d ib y o , e t a l., Kabar-kabar Kebencian, J a k a rta : In stitu te S tu d y A ru s I n fo r m a si, 2 0 0 1 . P refa c e p a g e .
1 1
C . T he C oncept of T ext and Inter-T extual
1. T he C oncept of T ext
T e x t, ac co rd in g to B a rth e s, is “ an o b je ct o f p le asu re” .
8
T h e p lea su re in rea d in g o f te x t is th e p lea su re w h e n fo llo w th e o b je ct p a g e b y p a g e, w h ic h is
re ad . T h e rea d e rs th e m selv e s o n ly fee l th e p le asu re , w h ich is c re ated . T h e rea d e r p lea su re h as th e q u a lity ch a ra c teristic o f in d iv id u al. T h e in d iv id u a l p le asu re as th o u g h
fo u n d th e re ad e r’s w o rld ,
w h ic h c an
b e im a g in e d
fre e ly
9
. T h e
im ag in a tio n s co n stitu te
an en e rg y, w h ic h rise s fro m h u m an , w h ic h h as ch ara c te ristic p erso n a l.
1 0
F u rth e rm o re , B arth e s sa y s th a t, th e p lea su re , n o t o n ly re la ted to la n gu a g e , b u t also re la ted to b o d y. In The Pleasure of the text, B arth e s sh o w s th a t th e
p lea su re c o n ce p t is re la te d to se m io tic a c tiv itie s a n d te x tu a l an alysis.
1 1
In o th e r h an d , a c co rd in g to R ico eu r, te x t is d isco u rse
1 2
it m ea n s p ro n o u n c e w h ic h is b ro u g h t in to w ritin g fo rm .
1 3
T h ere fo re , it is c lea r th at tex t is “ th e fix a tio n o r
8
T h e p le a su re o f re a d in g is d e sc rib e d b y B a rth e s 1 9 7 5 , in K u rn ia w a n 2 0 0 1 : 1 0 2 a s: “W h a t I e n jo y in sto ry , it’s n o t d ire c tly its c o n te n t, n o r ev e n its stru c tu re , b u t th e a b ra sio n I im p o se o n
th e fin e su rfa c e : I sp e e d a h e a d , I sk ip , I lo o k u p , I d ip in a g a in . A le x S o b u r, Analisis Teks M edia: Suatu Pengan tar Untuk Analisis Wacana, Analisis Semiotik, dan Analisis Framing,
B a n d u n g : P T . R e m a ja R o sd a k ar y a , 2 0 0 4 , p . 5 2 .
9
K u rn ia w a n , Semiologi Roland Barthers, Y o g y a k a rta : Y a y a sa n In d o n e sia T e ra , 2 0 0 1 , P . 2 0 2 .
1 0
H . T ed jo w o ro , Imajinasi dan Imajinasi, Suatu Telaah Filsafat Postm odern, Y o g y a k a rta : K a n is iu s, 2 0 0 1 , P . 5 9
1 1
A le x S o b u r, loc. Cit.
1 2
In lin g u istic stu d y , d isc o u rse sh o w s th e u n ity o f la n g u a g e , w h ic h g e n e ra lly b ig g er th a n sen te n c e , e ith e r d e liv e rin g in sp o k e n o r w ritte n . D isc o u rse is th e c o m p a tib le se n te n c e
c o m b in a tio n , w h ic h c o n n e c t to o n e p ro p o sitio n to a n o th e r p ro p o sitio n ; o n e se n te n c e to a n o th e r se n te n c e , w h ic h m a k e o n e
u n ity . T h e m e a n in g o f o n e se n te n c e is re la te d to a n o th e r se n te n c e a n d is n o t in te rp re te d s e n te n c e b y sen te n c e .
T h e u n ity o f
la n g u a g e c a n b e lo n g o r
sh o rt. A s
a te x t, d isc o u r se is
n o t th e s e q u e n c e o f se n te n c e , w h ic h d o e s n o t h a v e b o n d e a c h o th e r, n o t se n te n c e s, w h ic h is co m b in e d
a lo n e . D isc o u rse stu d y in lin g u istic c o n stitu te a re a c tio n to lin g u is tic stu d y, w h ic h o n ly re se a rc h la n g u a g e a sp e c t fro m
w o rd o r se n te n c e . T h e w o rd s o r th e se n te n c e s a re stu d ie d in d e p e n d e n tly, n o t re la te d to a n o th e r
1 2
