N orm an Fairclou gh D iscourse T heory

2 4 D isc o u rse a n a lysis in C ritic al D isc o u rse A n a lysis C D A 3 7 m ea n s th e re se a rch e r a n a lyz e at th e le v e l o f tex t, h isto ry a n d th e co n te x t o f th e d isc o u rse . T h e re se a rch o f d isco u rs e is n o t o n ly c o n d u c ted a t th e le v e l o f te x t b u t a lso co n tin u e d at th e fac to rs w h ich in flu e n t th e tex t. F a irc lo u gh 1 9 8 9 se ts o u t th e so c ial th eo ries u nd erp in n in g C D A an d as in o th e r ea rly c ritical lin g u istic w o rk a v ariety o f te x tu a l ex a m p les a re a n alyz ed to illu stra te th e fie ld , its a im a n d m eth o d o f an a lysis. L a te r F airc lo u g h 1 9 9 2 , 1 9 9 5 an d C h o u lia rik i a n d F airc lo u g h 1 9 9 9 ex p la in ed an d ela b o ra te so m e a d v an c e s in C D A sh o w in g n o t o n ly h o w th e an a lytic al fra m e w o rk fo r in v e stig a tin g la n g u a g e in re la tion to p o w e r a n d id eo lo g y d ev e lo p e d b u t a lso h o w C D A is u se fu l fo r d is clo sin g th e d isc u rsiv e n atu re o f m u c h c o n te m p o ra ry so c ial a n d cu ltu ra l ch a n g e . 3 8 P articu larly th e la n gu a g e o f th e m ass m ed ia is sc ru tin iz ed as a sid e o f p o w er, o f stru g g le a n d as a site w h e re la n g u a g e is a p p a re n tly tran sp a ren t. M ed ia in stitu tio n o fte n p u rp o rt to b e n e u tral in th at th e y p ro v id e s p ac e fo r p u b lic d isco u rse, th at th e y re fle ct sta te s o f a ffairs d isin te re ste d ly, an d th o se th e y g iv e th e p e rc ep tio n s an d a rgu m en ts o f n e w sm a k e rs. F a irc lo u gh sh o w s th e falla c y o f su c h a ssu m p tio n s a n d 3 7 C ritic a l: a c e n tra l o u tc o m e o f th e a c t o f a n a ly sis is to e n a b le c o n sid e ra tio n o f th e so c ia l e ffe c ts o f th e m e a n in g s a re a d e r b e in g p o sitio n e d o r c a lle d u p o n to su b sc rib e to in th e a c t o f re a d in g , a n d th e c o n te sta tio n o f th e se m e a n in g . D isc o u rse : c o n c e r n e d w ith lan g u a g e in u se o n e se n se o f th e w o rd ‘ d isc o u rse’ a n d w ith th e w a y in w h ic h p a tte rn o f m e a n in g a s in sto rie s th a t m a k e th e w o rld m e a n in g fu l a re so c ia lly c o n s tru c te d th e o th e r se n se o f th e w o rd ‘d isc o u rse ’. A n a ly sis: a d e ta ile d sy ste m a tic e x a m in a tio n o f a p a rtic u la r su b je c t w ith a v ie w to a rriv in g a t o n e o r m o re u n d e rlyin g p rin c ip le . Ibid. p . 9 3 8 R u th W o d a k a n d M ic h a e l M e y e r, M ethod of Critical Discourse Analysis, L o n d o n : S ag e, 2 0 0 1 . p . 6 2 5 illu stra te th e m ed ia tin g a n d co n stru c tin g ro le o f th e m ed ia w ith a v ariety o f ex a m p les. 3 9

1. R epresentation

R ep re se n ta tio n w a n ts to se e h o w so m e b o d y, a gro u p , a c tio n , ac tiv ity a re sh o w n in te x t. A cc o rd in g to F a irc lo u g h , re p resen ta tio n is se en fro m tw o th in g s; h o w p e o p le, gro u p , an d id e as are sh o w n in c la u se an d th e c o m b in a tio n o f clau s e . 4 0 S o c ial a cto rs w ith in a n y p ra c tic e p ro d u c e rep res e n ta tio n s o f o th e r p rac tic e s, as w e ll as ‘refle x iv e ’ re p resen ta tio n s o f th e ir o w n p ra c tic e , in th e co u rs e o f th e ir ac tiv ity w ith in th e p ra c tic e. T h e y “re -co n te x tu a liz e ” o th e r p ra c tic es – th at is, th e y in co rp o ra te th e m in to th e ir o w n p ra c tic e, an d d iffe ren t so c ial ac to rs w ill re p resen t th e m d iffe re n tly a c co rd in g to h o w th e y a re p o sitio n ed w ith in th e p rac tice . R e p resen ta tio n is a p ro c ess o f so c ial co n stru c tio n o f p ra c tic es, in c lu d in g reflex iv e se lf-co n stru c tio n – rep res en tatio n s en te r an d sh a p e so c ia l p ro ce sse s a n d p ra ctice s. 4 1

a. R epresentation in clau se

T h is a sp ect is rela te d o n h o w so m e b o d y, g ro u p , e v en ts an d ac tiv ity a re sh o w n in tex t, in th is c ase in la n g u a g e w h ic h is u sed . A cco rd in g to F a irc lo u gh , if th o se a re 3 9 Ibid. p . 6 -7 4 0 E riy a n to , Op .Cit., p . 2 9 0 4 1 N o rm a n F a irc lo u g h , The Dialectics of Discourse, h ttp :w w w .g o o g le .c o .id se a rc h ? h l= id q = id e n tity 2 C + re la tio n 2 C + re p r e se n ta tio n + th e o ry + N o r m a n + F a ir c lo u g h b tn G = T e lu s u ri+ d e n g a n + G o o g le m e ta = a q = f o q = . A c c e s se d o n F e b ru a ry 2 5 , 2 0 0 9 . p . 2 . 2 6