2 8
T h e co h e re n c e b e tw ee n tw o c lau se s h as so m e fo rm s.
4 2
F irst, e la b o ra tio n - o n e clau se
b e c o m es c la rifie r
fro m an o th e r
c lau se . T h e
sec o n d c la u se
h as fu n c tio n
a s sp ec ify th e
d eta ils o f
th e first
c la u se. G e n e ra lly,
th e fo rm
is re la ted
b y u sin g c o n ju n c tio n , su c h a s ‘th a t’, ‘so ’, o r ‘fu rth e rm o re’.
S ec o n d , th e e x ten sio n
– o n e
c la u se c o n stitu te
e x te n sio n o f
an o th e r clau se . H e re th e fu n ctio n o f se co n d c la u se is c o n tin u ity o f first c lau se . G e n e ra lly, th e
fo rm is re la ted b y u sin g c o n ju n c tio n , su ch as ‘a n d ’, ‘b u t’, ‘a lth o u g h ’, ‘in sp ite o f’, e tc . T h ird , e n h a n c e – th e p o sitio n o f o n e c la u s e is h igh e r th a n an o th e r
cla u se. G en e ra lly, th e fo rm is re la te d b y u sin g c o n ju n c tio n , su c h a s, ‘b e ca u se ’, ‘c a u se d ’. T h e c o h e ren c e c o n stitu te s ch o ic e , it m ea n s tw o c la u se can b e g az ed o n ly as
clarifie r, a d d itio n , o r b e in co n trad ic tio n , d ep e n d o n h o w a fac t is g a z ed
re la ted to ea ch o th e r.
c. R epresentation in the com b in ation of inter sentence.
T h is re p resen ta tio n
re lates to
w h ich p a rt
in th e
sen ten c e w h ic h
m o re p ro m in en t an d co m p a red w ith a n o th e r p art. O n e o f th e im p o rtan t asp ec ts is w h e th e r p a rticip a n t c o n sid ers sta n d a lo n e o r w h e th e r sh o w ed b y g iv in g
re ac tio n in a tex t. T h e
im p o rta n t is
h o w a
sta te m en t is
sh o w e d in
a tex t.
A cc o rd in g to F a irc lo u g h , at le ast, th e re are th re e fo rm s h o w th e state m en t is
sh o w e d in th e tex t. F irst, b y e x c erp tin g d ire c tly w h a t a n a c to r s a ys. S e co n d , b y co n c lu d in g w h at th e m a in
4 2
Ibid, p . 2 9 5 .
2 9
id e a is w h ich th e ac to r sh o w s. T h ird , b e yo n d e v a lu a tio n , w h e re th e ac to r’s sta te m en t is ev a lu a te d , th e n w ritten in n e w s.
T h e d iv isio n o f th re e p a rts a b o v e esp e c ia lly ca n b e see n m o re in title a n d le ad . H o w
a sta te m e n t
is sh o w e d
n o t o n ly
jo u rn a list tec h n ica l
p ro b le m , b u t
also b rin g ce rta in
id e o lo g y co n seq u e n c e.
G en era lly, n e w s p a p e r
w h ich d o es
n o t lik e c ertain d isco u rse, p re fe r sh o w in g an ev alu a tio n fro m th e ac to r’s sta te m en t.
F o r e x a m p le, G u s D u r su b m itte d m o tio n w it d ra w l ab o u t MPRS d e c isio n . G u s D u r’ m o tio n go t re ac tio n s, su ch as fro m A m in R a is w h o g a z e d ire c tly th e m o tio n .
H o w are th e tw o s en ten c e c o m b in ed ? T h e c o m b in a tio n o f th e se n ten c e , n o t o n ly re lates to th e w ritin g te c h n ic a l, b u t also th e c o m b in atio n in flu e n c e th e
m ea n in g o f se n te n c e w h ic h is sh o w ed to th e p u b lic .
beginning The
President of
Indonesia, Gus
Dur sugg ested
to M PR
removed Tap
MPRSXXV1966. the suggestion was extended
in front
of Jamaah Mas jid
Almunawwaroh, Ciganjur,
yesterday. The reason was, Tap
MPRS was
not appropriate
with justice
principal, and sameness in law. Perceive the Gus Dur’s suggestion, the chairman of MPR ,
end Amien
Rais refused
the Gus
Dur’s suggestion
who wished
for removing
Tap MPRSXXV1966. When gave speech in front
of Jamaah Masjid
Al-Munawwaroh, yesterday, Gus Dur
suggested MPR
for removing
Tap MPRS XXV1966,
The reason was, Tap MPRS was not appropriate with
justice principal,
and sam eness in
3 0
B a sed o n th e e x a m p le ab o v e , G u s D u r’s o p in io n ca n b e sh o w ed in fro n t,
ge ttin g ah e a d o f A m ie n R a is’ o p in io n . O n th e o th e r h an d , th e n e ga tiv e re ac tio n o f
A m ie n R ais c an b e sh o w ed a t th e first, th e n th e G u s D u r’s o p in io n . T h e first fo rm an d th e s eco n d o n e h a v e d iffe re n t m e an in g. In th e first fo rm ,
th e A m in R a is’ re a ctio n is p lac ed at th e u n im p o rtan t p lac e , o n ly a little p a rt o f m a n y o p in io n s. O n th e o th e r h an d , th e se co n d fo rm , th e effec t o f it a s th o u g h m a n y p eo p le
w h o d isag re e w ith G u s D u r’s o p in io n . In
ad d itio n , th e
im p o rtan t asp e ct
w h e th e r th e re
is in fo rm a tio n
w h ic h is sh o w ed as b a ck g ro u n d
o r fo re g ro u n d . In th e c lau se w h ich p la c e
as b a ck g ro u n d , ge n e ra lly
w h ic h is
sh o w e d is
th e c o n c lu sio n
o f n e w s
th e m e th e n
g iv e n o th e r in fo rm a tio n as p lan e o f e v en t.
Support to each other The
chairman, Amien
Rais said his
disagreement with
the Gus
Dur’s suggestion for completely removing
Tap MPRS CC V1966.
according to Amien, if the decision
Tap was removed,
there was possibility
for Indonesian
Communist Party would be renascent, in the
mean time,
in Solo
there is demonstration
which is
conducted by young
Moslem, who
refuse the
abolition of Tap
MPRS. In
Jakarta also
there is same
demonstration
Contradiction to each other
The chairman,
Amien Rais
said his disagreement
with the
Gus Dur’s suggestion for completely
removing Tap MPRS CCV1966.
But, several observer support
the Gus
Dur’s suggestion.
Political observe
from UI,
Arbi
3 1
same thing is proposed by Hendardi, who says the communism has died in another
part of the world. Hendardi also said that the
society had
to be
educated for respecting law
and democation.
T h e e x a m p le ab o v e , in th e first se n ten ce , A m ien R a is b e co m e le g itim a te , h is o p in io n
as th o u g h
is ad v o ca te d
m an y p e o p le .
O n th e
o th e r h a n d ,
b y p lac in g th e A m ie n R a is’ o p in io n b e in c o n tra d ic te d w ith o th e r e x p ert, b e im p ressed
th at A m ien R a is’ o p in io n
is n o t
p o p u lar. W ith o u t
ex p la in in g A m ien
R a is’ o p in io n le n g th an d w id th an d in th e co n trary e x p lain a n o th e r a rgu m en t le n g th a n d
w id th , b e im p resse d th a t A m ien R a is’ o p in ion is n o t ra tio n a l, b ec a u s e fo rb id an id eo lo g y th a t h as b een p ro v en b an k ru p t in th e w o rld an d is n o t d e m o c ra tic .
W h a tev e r n e w s w h ic h is ch o se n fo r b ein g sh o w e d b y m a ss m ed ia, sh o w in fa r lim ita tio n , h o w th e d iffe ren t se n te n c e is, an d d iffe ren t o p in io n , ca n b e co m b in ed an d
see m b e in g re la ted to jo u rn a list a n d ce rta in d isco u rse stra te g y. D isc o u rse
in th e
re p res en ta tio n a n d
se lf-rep resen ta tio n o f
so cia l p rac tic es co n stitu tes d isco u rses n o te th e d iffe re n c e b e tw e en ‘d isc o u rse ’ as an
ab s trac t n o u n , a n d ‘d isc o u rse s’ as a c o u n t n o u n . D isc o u rses a re d iv erse
re p re sen ta tio n s o f so c ia l life w h ich
are in h eren tly
p o sitio n e d –
d iffe re n tly p o sitio n ed so c ia l a cto rs ‘se e ’ an d rep re s en t so cial life in d ifferen t w a ys, d iffe re n t
d isc o u rses. F o r in stan c e, th e liv e s o f p o o r an d
d isad v a n ta g e d p eo p le
are rep resen ted th ro u gh d iffe re n t d isco u rse s in th e so c ial p rac tic e s o f g o v ern m en t,
p o litic s, m e d ic ine ,
an d so c ia l
sc ie n c e , a n d
th ro u gh d iffe re n t d isc o u rse s
w ith in e ac h
o f th e se
p ra c tic es co rre sp o n d in g
to d ifferen t
3 2
p o sitio n s o f so c ial a c to rs. F in a lly, d isco u rse a s p a rt o f w a ys o f b e in g co n stitu tes style s –
fo r in stan c e th e styles o f b u sin e ss m a n a g e rs, o r p o litica l le ad ers.
4 3
2. R elation
If re p resen ta tio n is re la te d to q u estio n s h o w so m eo n e , gro u p , a c tiv ity, ac t, o r so m e th in g w h ich
a re sh o w e d
in a
te x t, so re la tio n
is re la ted
h o w th e
p artic ip an t in m e d ia is re la ted a n d sh o w e d in a te x t. M e d ia, h e re , is b eh e ld a s so c ia l aren a , w h e re a ll g ro u p , c la ss, a n d th e p u b lic
w h o a re in th e so c ie ty a re re la te d to e a c h o th e r an d c o n v e y a n o p in io n an d id e a in v ariety.
A t least,
acc o rd in g to
F a irc lo u gh , th e re
a re m a in
p a rtic ip an t ca te g o rie s
in m ed ia . T h o se a re : J o u rn alist rep o rte r, re d a cto r a n d p re sen te r fo r te lev isio n o r ra d io , T h e P u b lic o f M ed ia, a n d T h e P u b lic P artic ip a n t P o litician ,
b u sin e ss m an , p ro m in e n t fig u re o f so c iety, a rtist, ulama,
4 4
scien tist, etc . B u t n o w th e q u e stio n s are h o w th e re la tio n fo rm s a m o n g th e th re e a c to rs w h ic h are
sh o w e d in a te x t: a m o ng jo u rn a list an d th e p u b lic , an d a m o n g jo u rn alist a n d th e p u b lic p a rtic ip a n t.
4 5
T h e an alysis a b o u t th is rela tio n c o n stru c tio n in m ed ia is v e ry im p o rtan t an d sign ific an t, e sp e cia lly if re la ted to so c ia l co n te x t b ec au se th e u n iq u e in flu en c e fro m
th e ir p o sitio n w h ic h is sh o w e d in m e d ia p o in t o u t so c ie ty co n te x t.
4 3
N o rm a n F a irc lo u g h , Loc. Cit
4 4
T h e b o d y o f M u lla h s M u slim sc h o la rs tra in e d in Isla m a n d Isla m ic la w w h o a re th e in te rp re te rs o f Isla m ’s sc ie n c e s a n d d o c trin e s a n d la w s a n d th e c h ie f g u a ra n to rs o f c o n tin u ity in th e sp iritu a l a n d
in te lle c tu a l h isto r y o f th e Is la m ic c o m m u n ity W o rd W e b D ic tio n a ry .
4 5
Eriyanto, Op. Cit. p . 3 0 0
3 3
