CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Analysis
Language is the most important thing in human life. By using languge, people can communicate and interact with other people. Everyday people always
use language for their activities, such as in study, work, play, and they can use it to express their ideas and emotions. Sapir 1921 in Language and Literature
http:www.google.comlanguage+literary+works, language in literary works is the medium of literature as marble or bronze or clay are the materials of the
sculptor. Literature moves in language as a medium, but that medium comprises two layers, the latent content of language
and
the particular conformation of a given language. It must have some expression, and that expression must be a
linguistic one. When we study about language, we also study about linguistics. Chaer
1994:5 says, “Linguistik bukan hanya berarti ilmu tentang bahasa, tetapi juga berarti bahasa itu sendiri, atau mengenai bahasa
”. Linguistics is not just the science of language, but it also means the language itself, or about language.
Linguistics covers a wide field with different approaches, for example sound systems phonetic, phonology, sentence structure syntax, and meaning systems
pragmatics,semantics.
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According to
Resmini in
Semantik Bahasa
Indonesia http:www.google.comgaya+bahasa+dalam+semantik , language in semantics
related with figurative language. Figurative language is the main tool that depicts, describes, affirming a judgment in the field of language and literature. The
beauty of the language is the ability to fuse words with words, choosing the right words to give shape to a paper or speech to make it more beautiful.
Semantics is a part of linguistics. Katz 1972:1 says, “Semantics is the
study of linguistic meaning. It is concerned with what sentences and other linguistic objects express, not with the arrangement of their syntactic parts or
with their pronunciation ”. There are two types of meaning, they are literal and
non literal meaning. The literal meaning is actual words, or the real. Siregar 1992 says, “If we are speaking literally, then we mean what our words mean”.
The following example illustrate the literal meaning is I am standing now. This sentence is easily understood as long as the speakers mean what they say
lexically. In literal meaning there is no misunderstanding or misinterpretation between the speaker and the listener. Non literal meaning is mean different from
what the words or sentence really mean. When the speaker speaks nonliterally, therefore, means something different from what the words mean. According to
Non literal in definition of nonliteral by the Free Online Dictionary http:www.google.comnon+literal+meaning, non-literal meaning uses figures
of speech. The following example illustrate the non literal meaning is My pen is
dancing on paper now. This sentence has non-literal meaning and it means I am writing on paper now.
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Non literal uses of language are traditionally called figurative language. They are described by irony, hyperbole, metaphor, simile, personification and
litotes. So many writers have analyzed figurative language in poetry, lyrics and
the Holy Bible. Ramadhan 2004 in her thesis ‘The Analysis of Non-Literal
Meaning in Jascha Richter’s Lyrics in Michael Learns To Rock’s Songs’ she concluded that in the lyrics there are 14 cases of metaphor, 7 cases of simile, 6
cases of personification, 6 cases of euphemism, 1 case of facetious way irony and 17 cases of exaggerated way hyperbole. Perangin-angin 2008 in his thesis
‘An Analysis of Figurative Expressions in The Holy Bible: Hebrew’ he concluded that in The Holy Bible there are 49 cases of the using of figurative expressions.
There are 20 cases for metaphor, 9 cases for hyperbole, 5 cases of simile, 3 for synecdoche, 7 cases for irony, and 5 cases of personification. From the results of
the thesis above, the writers analyze the figurative language in lyrics of song and the Holy Bible. I have
n’t found thesis about non-literal meaning in novel yet. In this case, I choose a novel to analyze it.
This analysis is non-literal meaning used in novel The Pearl by John Steinbeck because it has many figur
ative language so that I don’t understand how the story and I try to interpret the meaning by using semantic theory. For
example, I take one sentence that show the figurative language. Kino awakened in the near dark. This sentence is metaphor. The novel writer wants to compare
‘awakened’ with ‘near dark’. Here ‘near dark’ means bad life. So this sentence has non-literal meaning and it means Kino got severe life so he has become
aware.
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1.2 Problem of the Analysis