2.8.4 Litotes
Litotes means saying less than is actually the case. Tarigan 1985:58 says, “Litotes adalah sejenis gaya bahasa yang mengandung pernyataan yang dikecil-
kecilkan, dikurangi dari kenyataan yang sebenarnya, misalnya untuk merendahkan diri.” In other words, a figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an
affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite. Examples:
1. She is not as young as she was. 2. He is no oil painting.
In the first expression above consists of litotes. The speaker wants to emphasize that she is old. And in the second expression, literally it means he is ugly.
2.8.5 Personification
Personification means
giving an
inhuman thing
human qualities.
Personification derived from Latin word, persona meaning person, actor or mask used in the theater and fic means to make.
Keraf 1980:244 says, “Personifikasi adalah gaya bahasa yang melekatkan
sifat-sifat insani kepada barang yang tidak bernyawa dan ide yang abstrak. Juga disebut penginsanan.” In other words, the object are likely considered as human
characteristics are attached to the objects themselves. Example:
1. My pen is dancing on paper now. In the expression above consists of personification, pen as the inanimate
object is depicted as human. Literally, it means I am writing on paper now.
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2.8.6 Irony
Irony is facetious, sarcastical way of speaking. Irony means meaning the opposite of what is said. Etymologically, the word irony derived from the Greek
word eironeia meaning deception or trick.
Keraf 1991:143 says, “Ironi atau sindiran adalah suatu acuan yang ingin
mengatakan sesuatu dengan makna atau maksud berlainan dari apa yang terkandung dalam ungkapan kata-kata
.” Example:
1. Her kitchen is very clean. In the expression above consists of irony. The speaker wants to emphasize
that she has the dirty kitchen.
2.9 Novel
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