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6 Emotions
A perso n’s emotion state has a lot to do with perception. Gibson, Ivancevich,
Donnely, and Konopaske 1985 noted perception formed through experiencing particular thing and it will influence the present and might be
future perception.
2. Speaking
Theory of speaking skills explains the definition of speaking skills from some experts, speaking elements, speaking to persuade, public speaking, how to
organize the speech, how to support the speech, and the types of supporting materials.
a. Definition of Speaking
People express the ideas and build communication through speaking. People can discuss, criticize, and give comments and suggestions to others by
speaking. Good speaking skills help the speakers to deliver the correct messages to the listeners. Because its functions are important to daily life, speaking skills
are decided as one of main skills in English. Goh and Burns 2012 stated that “speaking is a combinatorial skill” p. 13. It requires the ability to fulfill the
various communicative demands through efficient use of the spoken language. Second language speaking requires knowledge of the target language as a system
of making meaning and an awareness of the contextual demands of speaking. It also calls for the use of various skills of using speech effectively and
appropriately, according to the different communicative purposes. Goh and Burns
14 2012 indicated speaking skills include the ability to use a range of strategies to
composite for gaps in knowledge and ineffective speaking skills p. 67. Students have difficulties to speak Standard English because they have
problems in some language components: vocabulary, fluency, and grammar. Lack of those language components make the messages cannot be delivered and the
communication can be failed. This fact proves that students need more practices on speaking.
From the explanations in this study, speaking is a verbal communication skill that involved language components to express ideas and build social
relationship because people can maintain the communication.
b. Speaking Elements
Many students have difficulties to speak English well. According to Hammer 2002 “If students want to be able to speak fluently in English, they
need to be able pronounce phonemes correctly, use appropriate stress and intonation pattern and
speak in connected speech” p. 343. 1
Pronounce phonemes correctly. Sometimes, the speakers from different first
languages have problems with different sounds. In this part, teachers must facilitate the students by showing the right pronunciation through
demonstration and explanation. 2
Use appropriate stress and intonation pattern. Students find extremely
difficult to identify the different patterns of rising and falling tones. In this part, teachers should give students opportunities to recognize such moods on an
audio tract. Then, get the students to imitate the way the mood is articulated.
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Speak in connected speech and fluency. Fluency is also helped by having
students say phrase and sentences as quickly as possible, starting slowly and then speeding up.
c. Speaking to Persuade
