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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter discussed the theories underlying the research. To assist the organization, this chapter consists of two sub-sections; there are: 1 Theoretical
description, and 2 Theoretical framework.
A. Theoretical Description
There are explanations on several theories which support this research. To make it well-organized, the explanations are divided into two main sections as
follow.
1. Perception
Theory of perception explains the definition of perception from some experts, components of perception, the process which is creating perception, and
factors which might influence the process of forming perception.
a. Definition of Perception
Robbins 2001 stated that “perception is a process by which the
individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment
” p. 55. According to Kreitner Kinicki 2008, perception is a cognitive process that enables us to interpret and understand our
surroundings p. 183. According to George Jones 2005 perception is the 9
10 process by which individual select, organize, and interpret the input from our
senses vision, hearing, touch, smell, and taste to give meaning and order to the world around us p. 105. From those definitions, the researcher concluded that
perception is a cognitive process by which the individuals select, organize, and interpret the environment. For examples: both people and animals recognize
familiar objects in their environments. We would recognize a photo of our best friend; dogs can recognize their food dishes or a favorite toy.
b. Components of Perception
According to George Jones 2005, perception has three components p. 105. There are: the perceiver, the target of perception, and the situation. The first
component is the perceiver. The perceiver is the person trying to interpret some observation that he or she has just made or the input from his or her senses. The
second component is target. The target of perception is whatever the perceiver is trying to make sense of. The target can be another person, a group of people, an
event, or an idea. The last component is situation. The situation is the context in which perception takes place. For examples: a committee meeting, the hallway, in
front of the office, and so on.
c. The Perceptual Process
According to Altman Valenzi 1985, the perceptual process was begun from the selection of the data from stimulus by individ
ual’s sensor p. 86. Furthermore, the sensor selects the data from stimulus and allow individual to
11 interpret to the sensory message. The summarize of perceptual process can be
seen below.
Figure 2.1: the perceptual process 1985
d. Perception Factors
Kategori