24 substantive and educational debates. Substantive debate is aimed to establish
facts, values, or policy and the debaters usually have interesting on the topic. Meanwhile, an educational debate is held to give educational opportunity for
students.
c. Ethical Standards for Debaters
Freely 1969 also points out the minimum ethical standards for debaters. The debaters should know the subject and thoroughly prepared p. 179. They
should present facts and opinions accurately. Also, they must reveal the source of the facts.
d. Debate Objectives
According to Kennedy 2007, debate is an instructional strategy enhances learning particularly, in areas of mastering in content and active engagement,
developing critical thinking skills, oral communication skills, oral communication skills, and empathy.
1 Mastering in content and active engagement
means students have to be actively analyzing and discussing the issue in debate session. They cannot
passively absorbing whole information. They have to re-think their own thinking then share and discuss in their team. Also, debate is a right place
to measure students’ responsibility of comprehension for individual and teamwork.
2 Developing critical thinking skills
means critical thinking skills used in debate are defining the problem, assesing the credibility of sources,
25 identifying and challenging assumptions, recognizing inconsistencies, and
prioritizing the relevance. 3
Developing oral communication skills means debate gives many
experiences for students to analyze, deliver, and organize speeches quickly and correctly. Oral communication skills acnnot get by theory but by
practice. 4
Developing emphaty . Even though the debaters have different
perspectives in an issue, they still listen each other. Through debate, students are able to learn how to be open-minded to see another
perspective. This fact proved that sudents develop empathy by debate.
d. Asian Parliamentary Debate
Parliamentary debate is a debate system that be used in school debate competitions in Indonesia. The debate extracurricular in SMAN 8 Yogyakarta
used Asian parlimentary debate for the training activity. This debate system was conducted by two groups, each group has three people Debate Motions
Headquarters, 2013, p.1. The speakers and the tasks will be described as follow:
Table 2.1: Roles of Speakers in the Asian Parliamentary Format Government
Opposition PM
Prime Minister
1. Define and Set-
Up the Debate 2.
Present Position Case
3. Make One or
Two Arguments
1. Respond to
Definition and Set-Up
2. Present
Position Case
3. Rebut
Government Case
4. Make one or
LO
Leader of Opposition
26 two arguments
DPM
Deputy Prime Minister
1. Defend Your
Case 2.
Attack LO’s Case
3. Make one or
two arguments 1.
Defend Your Case
2. Attack DPM
and PM’s Case 3.
Make one or two arguments
DLO
Deputy Leader of
Opposition
GW
Government Whip
1. Briefly
Summarize Your Team’s
Case 2.
Summarize and Prioritize the
main issues in the debate
3. Rebut and
Analyze main issues
1. Briefly
Summarize Your Team’s
Case 2.
Summarize and Prioritize
the main issues in the
debate
3. Rebut and
Analyze main issues
OW
Opposition Whip
GR
Government Reply
1. Briefly
Summarize the Debate
2. Summarize the
Position of your team and your
Opponent
3. Compare and
show why your team is better
4. Briefly
Summarize the Debate
5. Summarize the
Position of your team and
your Opponent
6. Compare and
show why your team is
better
OR
Opposition Reply
27
Figure 2.4: Speaking order of the debate
The rules for all speakers:
Speak for 7 minutes
Can accept Points of Information between the 1st and 6th minute
Can present rebuttals, examples and new analysis
Can make new arguments except Whips - Government Whip and Opposition Whip
The rules for Opposition Reply, Government Reply:
Speak for 4 minutes
Cannot accept Points of Information
Cannot make new arguments, rebuttals, examples or analysis. Must only compare and analyze things that have already been said in the debate.
B. Theoretical Framework
This section connects all of the relevant theories that have been mentioned before. The theories are used to help the researcher answering the problems that
have been stated in chapter one. There is a research problem in this research. The
