18 sources are divided into primary and secondary sources p. 50. Primary sources
means people with whom you have direct contact, by letter, telephone, or face-to- face. Secondary sources are almost always written, such as books, reports,
journals, or newspaper.
2 Develop the Speech Content
After knowing the topic, a speaker can decide the number of main ideas that will cover. A
Speaker should know the audience’s needs and wants, so that the speech can attract the audience’s attention. However, a speaker needs to limit
the ideas and check to make sure that the ideas are relevant to the main topic. According to Nicholls 1999, a speaker can start by writing an outline to generate
the ideas p. 66. The speaker can use the brainstorming or mind-mapping methods, then the speaker will learn to think in a more creative way and ideas will
flow. Nicholls 1999 recommended five steps to develop the speech content. First, write a rough draft. Second, refine the draft, adding illustrations and
changing words. Third, rewrite the speech into spoken English, shortening sentences and changing words. Fourth, rehearse the speech aloud. Fifth, make
alterations in order to fit the time slot
e. Organize the Speech
A speech has three parts; opening, body, and conclusion. Speakers should consider those three parts to determine the speech easy to follow. It is important to
make an interesting opening part. The opening part is the speaker’s first impression. A speaker s
hould attract audience’s attention in this part, as Grice and
19 Skinner 1995 said “Well-prepared and well-delivered opening remarks will
make the audience want to listen and will prepare them for what comes next” p. 18. Besides, a speaker must prepare the body well also. According to Grice and
Skinner 1995, to help organizing the body speech, there is a four-step sequence which is called the 4 S’s p. 18. First, signpost the main ideas, for examples: one,
initially, last, etc. Second, state the idea clearly. Third, support and explain the ideas. The last summarize the idea before moving to the next one. After preparing
the opening and body parts, next is conclusion part. In this part, a speaker can make the list of the key ideas that have discussed in the body part. The speaker
cannot bring new ideas in this part. This part should have a logical close from the speakers.
f. Supporting the Speech
A speaker cannot deliver a speech which do not have supporting materials. Effective supporting materials help the speaker to prove their statements to the
audience. A speaker should use supporting materials which help the audience understand, remember, and believe their messages. Grice and Skinner 1995
noted that s speaker uses supporting materials to get three purpose: clarity, vividness, and credibility p. 154. Clarity refers to the accuracy of the messages.
The audience should get the right messages. Then, vividness is to help the audience remember the key ideas in the speech, as Grice Skinner 1995
suggest ed “Vivid supporting materials are striking, graphic, intense, and
memorable” p. 156. Based on Cambridge dictionary, credibility is the fact that
20 someone can be believed or trusted. In this content, credibility refers to be
believability of a speaker and their sources. According to Freely 1969, there is degree of cogency, to measure an
argument is well founded in fact, logic, or rationality p. 79. The degrees of cogency are certainty, probability, plausibility, or possibility. These represented
by the following diagram.
Figure 2.3: Degrees of cogency by Freely 1969
Certainty is associated with absolute truth. Freely 1969 stated if a conclusion of an argument is a certainty, all competent observers are in agreement
p. 79. Then, probability is associated with a high degree of likelihood but not certainty that a conclusion is true. In other hand, plausibility is associated with a
lesser degree of likelihood that a proposition is true. The last, possibility is associated with a low degree of likelihood that a proposition is true.
g. Types of Supporting Materials
