16 speaker is, the more likely the listeners trust him or her. Similar to this, Freely
1969 mentioned some elements of Ethos; namely competence, integrity, and good will p. 240. Speakers should lead the audience to believe that they have
competence. Besides, the speakers should have integrity and good will towards the audience. Then, the second mode of being an effective persuasive speaker is
logos. According to Hasling 1988, logos refers to the facts, the evidence, and the reasoning contained in the speech p. 62. A good persuasive speech must have
supporting by sufficient and valid evidence in order to convince the audience. Rybacki 1991 said that the evidences could be periodicals, newspaper,
government documents, almanacs, and fact books p. 137. The last strategy to give a persuasive speech is employing what so called pathos which mean the use
of emotions or feeling to convince the listeners. With this mode, the speaker is able to make the audience feel some specific emotional effects such as being
angry, proud, terrified, sad frustrated, to name a few. Pathos is a comprehensive technique because as Hasling 1988 pointed
that “there are times when emotional factors must supersede evidence p. 62.
d. Public Speaking
Public speaking, which is defined as the activity delivering speeches in front of public, is conducted because there are particular messages intended to be
delivered to the public audience. To succeed in delivering the messages, speakers should learn some principles and strategies in delivering speeches. Grice and
Skinner 1994 concluded there were two principles in public speaking. The first principle is the speech must be well-prepared. The second is all the aspects of
17 public speech content, organization, and delivery should affect the audience p.
16. Nicholls 1999 stated “almost every book which has been written on the
subject rightly dwells on the importance of preparation” p. 45. A speaker can generate ideas in a rather random way. One of the techniques is mind-mapping.
Mind mapping was developed in the 1970s by the academic Tony Buzan.
Figure 2.2: Example of Mind-mapping
Some important points in public speaking will be discussed in greater length in the following section.
1 Understand the Topic
A speaker must know the topic they talk about, as Grice and Skinner 1995 suggested, “A primary, vital requirement for preparing any speech is to
know exactly what to do” p. 16. A speaker can do kind of a small research to have deeper understanding about the topic. Nicholls 1999 stated research
18 sources are divided into primary and secondary sources p. 50. Primary sources
means people with whom you have direct contact, by letter, telephone, or face-to- face. Secondary sources are almost always written, such as books, reports,
journals, or newspaper.
2 Develop the Speech Content
After knowing the topic, a speaker can decide the number of main ideas that will cover. A
Speaker should know the audience’s needs and wants, so that the speech can attract the audience’s attention. However, a speaker needs to limit
the ideas and check to make sure that the ideas are relevant to the main topic. According to Nicholls 1999, a speaker can start by writing an outline to generate
the ideas p. 66. The speaker can use the brainstorming or mind-mapping methods, then the speaker will learn to think in a more creative way and ideas will
flow. Nicholls 1999 recommended five steps to develop the speech content. First, write a rough draft. Second, refine the draft, adding illustrations and
changing words. Third, rewrite the speech into spoken English, shortening sentences and changing words. Fourth, rehearse the speech aloud. Fifth, make
alterations in order to fit the time slot
e. Organize the Speech
