Significance of the Study

9 Context of situation or situational context means the speakers are aware of what they can see around them Cutting, 2002: 3. It becomes a necessary part in communication. The definition is similar to what Widdowson assumes. He reveals that a word in spoken or written language is like in real situation, in which the word can be useless without any context of situation 2004: 37. Further, Hymes 1974: 55-60 proposes some concepts to explain the context of situation. For convenience, he finds the term SPEAKING as an acronym for the various factors he sees as relevant. 1 Setting and Scene S Setting means the time and place, i.e. the concrete physical circumstances where a speech event happens. For example, a bed room in a couple’s house might be a setting for a love and romantic story. Scene means the psychological setting which is abstract, or the cultural definition of the occasion, which involves some features such as range of formality and sense of play or seriousness. For instance, a love story may be told at a cafe where a couple is sitting and dining. At this time, the couple would be delightful, while at some other time, they can be serious and quarelling to each other. 2 Participants P Participants refer to the those who are uttering and to whom they are uttering. Participants may be speaker and hearer, addressor-addressee, or sender- receiver. The social factors, namely age, gender, status, social distance, and role or profession of the participants can be relevant as well, for example, teacher and student. 10 3 End E End means the conventionally recognized and expected results of an exchange as well as the goals of participants that need to be accomplished on certain occasions. Otherwise, it refers to the purpose, goal, and results of a speech event. For instance, when an uncle tells a story about a grandfather, he may have several goals, namely to entertain audience or honor the grandfather. 4 Act Sequence A Act is defined as the actual form and content of what is said, the precise words employed, the way they are used, and the relationship between what is said and the actual topic at hand. For example, when a mother is telling a story but many responses and interruption raise, the story may end up into a gossiping. 5 Key K Key can be defined as clues that set the tone and manner, where a certain message is conveyed, namely light-hearted, serious, precise, firm, and so on. Key may also be reflected in nonverbal ways through certain behavior, gesture, posture, or even deportment. For example, when a teacher is telling a ghost story to her students, she will imitate monster or a ghost’s gesture. 6 Instrumentalities I Instrumentalities is basically defined as the choice of channel and the actual forms of speech which is used, including chosen language, dialect, code, or register. The choice of channel itself can be in the form of oral, written, or telegraph. For example, a lecturer may speak in casual register using many dialect