stable meaning.
12
It means that a morpheme can be a meaningful single word or a piece of word. Second, a morpheme is meaningless if it is
divided into smaller parts. Last, morpheme has a stable meaning even in the different verbal occasion.
Morpheme is classified into two types, they are, free and bound morpheme. Free morpheme is morphemes that can stand by themselves as
a single word, for example, open and tour. Bound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot normally stand alone and is typically attached to
another form, such as re-, -ist, -ed, and –s.
13
Free morpheme can come alone as a single word and it has own meaning without adding other
morphemes. Moreover, bound morpheme cannot come alone as a single word and need to add by other morphemes to be a meaningful word.
3. Word Formation Process a. Affixation
Plag defines affix as a bound morpheme that attaches to bases.
14
An affix can be possessed in the beginning or the end of a base. Affix that appears in the beginning of base is prefixes such as un- and mis-, while
affix that appears in the end of the base is suffixes such as –less and
12
Norman C. Stageberg. An Introductory English Grammar. 3
rd
Edition, Iowa: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976, p.95.
13
George Yule. The Study of Language. 4
th
Edition, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2010, p.68.
14
Ingo Plag. Word-Formation in English. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2003, p.72.
ish.
15
Another example of suffixes are –ing in word sleeping and-er in word beautifier.
16
While another example of prefixes are de- in word decomposition, and anti- in word antivirus.
17
b. Conversion
Yule states conversion is a process of forming a word where the word does not have a reduction while it has a change in the function of
word.
18
Bauer has the similar argue that conversion is the change in form class of a form without any corresponding change of form.
19
Hence, conversion is process of forming a word without any reducing the base
form of words but changing the function words. A conversion process can occur in noun becoming verb the bottle
becoming to bottle, verb becoming noun to call becoming a call, adjective becoming verb better becoming to better, and adjective
becoming noun poor becoming the poor.
20
c. Clipping
Clipping, based on Adams, is the process by which a word of two or more syllables usually a noun is shortened without a change in its
15
George Yule. The Study of Language. 4
th
Edition, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2010, p.59.
16
Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman, and Nina Hyams. An Introduction to Language 7
th
edition, New York: Heinle, 2003, p.78.
17
Ingo Plag. Word-Formation in English. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2003, p.99-100.
18
Yule, op. cit., p.57.
19
Laurie Bauer. English Word Formation. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 1983, p.32.
20
Plag, op. cit., p.107-108.
function taking place.
21
While other literature defines clipping is cutting of the beginning or the end of a word, or both, leaving a part to stand for the
whole.
22
Hence, clipping can be defined as a process of cutting a word of two or more syllables either in the beginning or in the end of a word while
without any changing of the meaning and function of the base. The examples of clipped words which are commonly used such as pop from
popular music, bike from bicycle, and mike from microphone.
23
d. Blend
Blend is the process of combining of two separate forms to produce a single new term. Blending is taken by cutting the beginning of
the word and joining it to the end of other word. The combined effects of smoke and fog, results a new word smog.
24
Moreover, Plag states the best treatment in describing blends is in terms of prosodic categories phonological phenomenon as the domain of
syllabification. Blends mostly are built of two or more base words, but the base words cut with a massive loss of phonetic or orthographic material.
According to Dressler quoted by Plag, blending has often been described as a rather irregular phenomenon where the rule is not transparent, yet Plag
finds degree of regularity.
25
21
Valarie Adams. An Introduction to Modern English Word Formation. English Language Series Title No 7, United State: Longman, 1973, p.135.
22
Norman C. Stageberg. An Introductory English Grammar. 3
rd
Edition, Iowa: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976, p.128.
23
Adams, op. cit., p.135-136.
24
George Yule. The Study of Language. 4
th
Edition, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2010, p.55-56.
25
Ingo Plag. Word-Formation in English. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2003, p.121-122.
