to this pattern in the dataabove, namely modem, where the blend structure AC instead of AD modulator-demodulator.
30
The rule of speaker cutting the base word to make a blend word is not arbitrary but constrained by prosodic categories. From the data above,
there are two types of restrictions. The first has to do with syllable structure the second with the size. Firstly, the syllable structure are
introduced. The structure of a syllable was described as having four constituents- onset, nucleus, coda, with nucleus and coda forming the so-
called rime. Applying this structural model to the data above, it can be seen that in the truncation process the constituents of syllables are left
intact. Only syllabic constituent as a whole can be deleted. In monosyllabic blends, for example, they take either the onset of the first
element and the rime of the second element, or onset and nucleus of the first element and the coda of the second. As the following example:
31
Combinations of syllabic constituents in monosyllabic blends, applying the blending rule AB + CD → AD
30
Ingo Plag. Word-Formation in English. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2003, p.123.
31
Ibid. p.123-124.
32
A D
A+D, examples
Onset penultimate rime and
ultimate syllable b + oatel
ch + unnel Onset and nucleus
ultimate syllable boa + tel
32
Onset and nucleus coda
and ultimate
syllable spa + nglish
Onset Syllable
g + estimate Syllable
ultimate rime boat + el
Syllable Syllable
com + pander guess+ timate
stag + flation
It can be seen that in prosodic constituent, syllabic constituent is the important role in limiting the type material to be deleted or combined.
The next type of restriction is the size of blends word by counting the number of base words’ syllables, as the following examples:
33
Table 2. The size of blends, measured in number of syllables.
Base words Blend
AB CD
AD
boat + hotel Boatel
1 2
2 boot + hoist
Boost 1
1 1
breakfast + lunch Brunch
2 1
1 channel + tunnel
Chunnel 2
2 2
compressor + expander compander
3 3
3 goat + sheep
Geep 1
1 1
guess + estimate guesstimate
1 3
3 sheep + goat
Shoat 1
1 1
smoke + fog Smog
1 1
1 Spanish + English
Spanglish 2
2 2
stagnation + inflation stagflation
3 3
3
According to explanation above, the two words combined to be blends words have the same size with the components of blends.
Nevertheless, there are some words that have the different size with the others such as brunch, boatel, and guesstimate, follow the size of second
element.
34
The structure of blends is restricted into three, semantic, syntactic,
33
Ingo Plag. Word-Formation in English. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2003, p.125
34
Ibid. p.125.
and prosodic. Blends act semantically and syntactically as copulative compound while they are described phonologically into three restrictions.
First, combining the first and the last part of word become one. Second, blends are made up by syllable constituents such as onset, nuclei, coda,
rime or complete syllables. Last, the size of blends words is determined by the second element.
35
Hence, blends are not only made up by blending two words but also determined the size of blends and the syllables of the component.
Moreover, the meaning of blend word can be one where the first element modifies the second, and share the properties of both elements.
e. Acronym and Abbreviation
According to Yule, acronyms are new words formed by the initial letters of a set of other words. The word such as CD Compact Disk is
formed by the initial letters of the words where the pronunciation is pronounced each separate letter.
36
Bauer argues that to call a word as an acronym, the word must be pronounced as a word yet as a separated letter.
An acronym that pronounced as a separated letter is called an abbreviation. Hence, the word Value Added Tax pronounced vi e
ɪti is an abbreviation, while if it is pronounced vætthat is an acronym.
37
35
Ingo Plag. Word-Formation in English. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2003, p.125
36
George Yule. The Study of Language. 4
th
Edition, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2010, p.58.
37
Laurie Bauer. English Word Formation. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 1983, p.237.
In conclusion, the difference between acronym and abbreviation is how they are pronounced. An acronym is formed by taking the initial letter
of words and pronounced as a single word. An abbreviation is formed by taking the initial letter of words and pronounced as a separated letter.
f. Compound
Stenberg defines compound is process of combining two or more words becoming one.
38
While Plag states that compound is a word that consists of two elements which the first is either a root, word or phrase,
and the second is either a root or word.
39
The examples of compounds such as bookcase, doorknob, fingerprint, sunburn, textbook and wallpaper are
compound noun. While the examples of compound adjective are good- looking and low-paid.
40
4. Meaning
Definition of meaning based on Darmojuwono is “….. human’s knowledge and experience as an information source
saved in the human brain as a mental unity called concept. Meaning is indirectly influenced by concept and its object. Hence
meaning is a unity knowledge and experience mental related to symbol language that represented it.”
41
38
Norman C. Stageberg. An Introductory English Grammar. 3
rd
Edition, Iowa: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976, p.127.
39
Ingo Plag. Word-Formation in English. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2003, p.135.
40
Ibid.p.55.
41
Setiawati Darmojuwono. Semantik in Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik by Kushartanti, Untung Yuwono, and Multamia RMT Lauder. Jakarta: Gramedia
Pustaka Utama, 2005, p.121.
It means that meaning is a concept of an object which is related to its symbol, moreover concept and object influence the meaning. Moreover
a concept here is human’s knowledge and experience as the information source saved in the mind. Based on Huford, the theory of what meaning is,
recognizing the distinction between speaker meaning and sentence meaning or word meaning. Sentence or word meaning is what a sentence
or word means, what it counts as the equivalent of in the language concerned.
42
5. Componential Analysis
Componential analysis is the process of determining semantic features or components that differentiate the members of the set from one
another.
43
The important point for defining feature is the recognition of two kinds of features, distinctive and non-distinctive. All features that can
be recognized in an entity are part of its description, but the definition of a lexeme within a set of field requires to note what feature or features
distinguish it from other members of the set or field and what features are just ‘there,’ not distinctive.
44
To describing part of the meaning of words in semantic feature, it uses a plus + sign to describe having a particular feature or negative -
sign for not having.
45
42
James Huford, Brendan Heasley, and Michael B. Smith. Semantics: A Coursebook. 2
nd
edition, Singapore: Cambridge University Press, 2007, p.3
43
Charles W. Kleidler. Introducing English Semantics. Great Britain: Routledge, 1998, p.87-88.
44
Ibid.p.88-89.
45
George Yule. The Study of Language. 4
th
Edition, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2010, p.114.
Table 3. Semantic Features Table
Horse Boy
Man Girl
Woman Animate
+
+ +
+ +
+ Human
- +
+ +
+ +
Female -
- -
- +
+ Adult
- -
- +
- +
There are four types procedures to analyze in componential analysis are naming, paraphrasing, defining and classifying. The first
process, naming is similar to reference but there is different perspective. Naming is the specific act of designating such a referent. In naming
process the procedural steps number 2 and 5 are relevant to do the analysis.
46
Second, paraphrasing is process of explaining a distinctive feature of a word. For example, uncle can be defined as my father’s brother or my
mother’s brother.
47
It means that paraphrase is a process of describing or explaining a word for getting a meaning.
Third, defining is simply another form of paraphrase. Defining combines the appropriate referents of paraphrase to be a single statement
that related to the referent in question.
48
Last, classifying is process of relating some words in similar feature to get a meaning for such group.
49
46
Eugene A. Nida. Componential Analysis of Meaning. London: University Press, 1979, p.64-65.
47
Ibid.p.65
48
Ibid. p.65.
49
Ibid. p.66.
