12 person’s reaction can differentiate each person’s character to others’ p. 489.
Allport 1960 states that personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determines his characteristic
behavior and thought p. 48. While Weinberg Gould 1999, in McLeod 2014 emphasizes the characteristics or blend of characteristics that make a person
unique. Freud 1923, in McLeod 2016 sees the personality structured into three
parts. Those are id, ego, and superego. Although each part of the personality consists of different features, they interact to form a hole and each part contributes
to an individual’s behavior.
a. Id
The id is the impulsive and unconscious part of individual’s psyche which responds directly to the instincts. It is not affected by reality, logic or everyday
world, as it operates within the unconscious part of the mind. The id insists immediate satisfaction that when this happens, the individual experiences
pleasure. When it is denied, the individual experiences displeasure. In addition, it consists of life instincts that help the individual to survive including respiration,
eating and sex. Freud 1920 states that the id operates on the pleasure principle which is the idea that every wishful impulse should be fulfilled immediately,
regardless of the consequences.
b. Ego
Freud states that the ego is the part of the id which has been modified by the direct influence of the external world. It develops in order to mediate between
the unrealistic id and the external real world. Ideally, the ego works by reason, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
13 whereas the id is chaotic and very unreasonable. It operates according to the
reality principle, working out realistic ways of satisfying the id’s demands, often postponing satisfaction to avoid negative consequences of society. The ego
considers social realities and norms, etiquette and rules in deciding how to behave. Like the id, the ego looks for pleasure and avoids pain. However, unlike
the id, the ego is concerned with devising a realistic strategy to obtain pleasure. The ego has no concept of right or wrong. Something is good if it achieves its
satisfying end without causing harm. Freud 1923 makes the analogy of the id being a horse while the ego is the rider. The ego is like a man on horseback, who
has to hold in check the superior strength of the horse.
c. Superego
The superego incorporates the values and morals of the society. Its function is to control the id’s impulses, especially those which society forbids,
such as sex and aggression. It also persuades the ego to turn to moralistic goals rather than simply realistic ones and to attempt perfection. The conscience in
superego can punish the ego through causing feeling of guilt to the individual.
4. Theory of Motivation
Related to the topic of the study, the theory of motivation is used because the character’s motivation in reaching his aim needs to be known and explained.
Everyone has their motivation in order to do their plan. Without motivation, people will not do or have done something. Worchel and Shebilske 1989 say that
motivation explains why an organism acts in certain way at a certain time p. 373. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
14 Aiken 1969 divides motivation into two types. Extrinsic and intrinsic
motivation. Extrinsic motivation works for external rewards or desires that is not inherent related to the task it is performing. While intrinsic motivation, on the
other hand, the goal and the behavior are inherently related. For example is performing a task in order to acquire a feeling of accomplishment at having done a
good job p. 111. Ryan and Deci 2000 add that extrinsic motivation comes not from inside the individual. It involves rewards such as trophies or anything. On the
other hand, intrinsic motivation is done because it is interesting and enjoyable for the individual in doing the activity. Besides, they say that to be motivated means
to be moved to do something. A person who feels no inspiration to act is characterized as unmotivated, whereas someone who is doing the opposite is
considered motivated. Maslow 1943 says that human motivation can be classified into five basic
of needs. Those are the physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self- actualization.
a. The Physiological Needs
The needs that are usually taken as the starting point for motivation theory are the so-called physiological drives. These physiological needs are the most
influence of all needs. In other words, the human being who is missing everything in life is most likely that the major motivation would be the physiological needs
rather than any others. A person who is lacking food, safety, love, and esteem would most probably hunger for food more strongly than for anything else. On the
other hand, physiological needs are the basic needs such as food, sleep, oxygen, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
