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2. Characterization
Murphy 1972 states that characters are made to convey the audience to get to know and understand what kind of people there are. He shows nine ways in
which an author makes the character easy to be understood by the readers.
a. Personal Description
The author describes the details of the characters’ appearance like the face,
skin, eyes and clothes directly. The author shows how the character looks like directly and accurately in the story.
b. Character as Seen by Another
The character is described by other characters instead of being described by the author directly. The readers find the characteristics of a character through
the other characters’ opinions.
c. Speech
The reader gets the clue about the characterization of a character through the way that person speaks. Whenever the character speaks to other character,
heshe is giving the readers some clue to his characteristics. The way a character speaks will show what kind of person heshe is.
d. Past life
The author gives the readers some clues by showing the characters’ past
life in the story. A past life can be shown by a flashback. Through flashback, the readers can know the characteristic of someone in hisher past experience. This
can be done by direct comment. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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e. Conversation of Others
The author gives clue through the conversation of other people and the things they say about him. Through what other people say about the character, the
readers can get the clue about the characteristics of the character.
f. Reaction
The clue is seen by the reaction of a person when heshe reacts to various situations and events.
g. Direct Comment
The author gives the clue by commenting about the character directly in the story. The characteristics of a person are told by the author directly instead of
another character.
h. Thoughts
The author gives direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. In this respect, he can do what other people or the readers cannot do in real life
because of the different way of thinking.
i. Mannerism
The author describes the character through the pers on’s mannerisms,
habits, or idiosyncrasies, which may tell the readers about his character. The author shows the habit of the character both positively and negatively. From the
habit, the characteristics of the character can be seen pp. 161-173.
3. Theory of Personality
According to Dockeray and Lane 1950, personality is the total of the reaction patterns and reaction possibilities of each individual. He continues that a
12 person’s reaction can differentiate each person’s character to others’ p. 489.
Allport 1960 states that personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determines his characteristic
behavior and thought p. 48. While Weinberg Gould 1999, in McLeod 2014 emphasizes the characteristics or blend of characteristics that make a person
unique. Freud 1923, in McLeod 2016 sees the personality structured into three
parts. Those are id, ego, and superego. Although each part of the personality consists of different features, they interact to form a hole and each part contributes
to an individual’s behavior.
a. Id
The id is the impulsive and unconscious part of individual’s psyche which responds directly to the instincts. It is not affected by reality, logic or everyday
world, as it operates within the unconscious part of the mind. The id insists immediate satisfaction that when this happens, the individual experiences
pleasure. When it is denied, the individual experiences displeasure. In addition, it consists of life instincts that help the individual to survive including respiration,
eating and sex. Freud 1920 states that the id operates on the pleasure principle which is the idea that every wishful impulse should be fulfilled immediately,
regardless of the consequences.
b. Ego
Freud states that the ego is the part of the id which has been modified by the direct influence of the external world. It develops in order to mediate between
the unrealistic id and the external real world. Ideally, the ego works by reason, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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