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B. Review of Related Theories
This part consists of explanation on the theories that are applied in this study. They are theory of character and characterization, theory of homosexuality, theory of
trauma, theory of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, theory of motivation, and also some explanation on the relation between literature and psychology.
1. Theory of Character and Characterization
According to Abrams in A Glossary of Literary Terms, character is described as the person in a dramatic or narrative work naturally possesses moral, dispositional
and emotional qualities that are reflected in the dialogue and action among the people Abrams, 1998:20.
Based on their importance, characters are devided into two, major characters and minor characters. Major characters are substantially involved in the main action
as well as becoming the central and the most important in a story. While minor characters are characters who appear in certain setting, and they are necessary to
become the background for the major characters Abrams, 1998:20. Based on internal complexity, As Laurence Perrine said in his book, Literature:
structure, sound, and sense, characters are divided into two sorts of character based on the development of the characters, static character and dynamic character. Static
character is a character who does not change from the beginning to the end of the
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story. He is the same sort of person as he was at the beginning. While dynamic character is the opposite of static character. He experiences changes from the
beginning to the end of the story. It could be for better or worse 1978: 71. Discussing further about character is as important as discussing the
characterization. According to Roth Berger and Woods, Jr., characters have particular personalities and physical attributes that distinguish them from other characters.
Characterization is the process by which an author creates the character 1971:20. In terms of characterization, the writer intends to apply the theory of characterization
from M. J. Murphy’s Understanding Unseen. It illustrates some ways in representing the characters. The author attempts to make his characters understandable to come
and alive for the readers. Murphy categorizes the characterization as follows 1972: 161-173:
a. Personal Description
This characterization deals much with physical appearances of the characters. The description is often related to psychological condition, because personality can be
reflected from external appearance. b.
Character as Seen by Another The author describes the characters through the eyes and opinion of the other
characters in the story. The direct opinion of the other characters could explain the characteristics of a character.