Types of Homosexuals Theory of Homosexuality

19 The same statement which is stated by Carroll in his book, Mental Hygiene Caroll, 1961: 69, one of causation of homosexuality is persistent failure during adolescence to establish satisfactory social and emotional heterosexual relationships- for women is from fear-producing experience with a man. ii Homosexual experience and its positive reinforcement “The development of homosexuality is frequently associated with pleasant homosexual experiences during adolescence or early adulthood.” Coleman, 1976: 595. This pleasant impression may be led to later homosexual life-style if it is “reinforced by pleasurable repetition andor meet biological and emotional needs” Coleman, 1976: 595. Meaning to say that once an individual experiences a pleasant homosexual experience and gets its positive reinforcement in his adolescence or early adulthood which he cannot get from heterosexual relationship, he tends to become a homosexual after that. iii Family patterns In a study of 106 male homosexuals who were undergoing psychoanalysis found a common family pattern involving a dominant and seductive mother and a weak or absent father Coleman 1976: 596. iv General sociocultural factors A variety of sociocultural factors might influence the incidence of homosexual and other unconventional life-styles. Sociocultural factors in one place might different from another. For example, among certain primitive groups living in areas 20 with limited resources, homosexuality has actually encouraged to help control the population of the groups. c Interactionist Factor This factor draws upon both biological and pychosocial factors in the belief that some combination of chemistry’s body and environmental factors account for the development of homosexual behaviors. From all the theories that has been explained above, it shows that the causal factor of Otoko’s homosexuality is psychosocial factor which consists of negative conditioning of heterosexual behavior when she is relationship with Oki and homosexual experience and its positive reinforcement when she is in relationship with Keiko.

3. Theory of Trauma

What happened in an individual’s past life can affects his behavior toward the conflict or hard situation that occur in the future. Since a person may learn, grow and adapt to a new situation, therefore he often uses experiences in the past life as the reference or hint to the action that will be taken in the future while facing a problem. An expert, Judith Herman explained in her book Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence, Psychological trauma is an affiliation of the powerless. As the moment of the trauma, the victim is rendered helpless by overwhelming force. Traumatic 21 events overwhelm the ordinary system of care that give people a sense of control, connection and meaning. Traumatic events are extraordinary, not because they occur rarely, but rather because they overwhelm the ordinary human adaptation of life 1992: 33. When Otoko is in relationship with Oki, she is powerless to deny Oki’s will. She accepts whatever Oki does to her, incuding take her as a mistress, take her virginity, take her to improper clinic while she is giving birth, and leave her. The fact that she is madly in love with Oki causes the fear of lossing him. It makes her stand still facing the hard situations and the pain it brings that Oki gives to her. Trauma is an emotional response to terrible event like an accident, rape or natural disater. Immediately after the event, shock and denial are typical. Longer-term reactions include unpredictable emotions, flashbacks, strained relationships and even physical symptoms like headache or nausea. While these feeling are normal, some people have difficulty moving on their lives 1992:34. As writen in the theory above, people tend to have difficulty moving on from the horrible traumatic events that had happened in their lives. That is exactly as Otoko undergoes in her life. After she is apart from Oki, she moves to Kyoto and starts a new life with her mother. Years after, she declares herlself as a painter and has a new life with Keiko. That facts redirect her long-term reactions of the traumatic experiences thus keep her clinging to the horrible traumatic experiences that happened in her past. Coleman also give explanation about traumatic experiences in his book, he stated that Most of us have had traumatic experiences that temporarily shattered our feelings of security, adequacy, and worth, and were important in influencing our later evaluations of ourselves and our environment Coleman, 1976:168.