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d. Reaction formation This mechanism is not only repressing the disagreeable realities but actually
developing conscious attitudes and behavior patterns that are just the opposite. As Coleman explain the example of this defense mechanism, “An individual will conceal
hate with façade love, cruelty with kindness, desires for sexual promiscuity with moralistic sexual attitudes and behavior” Coleman, 1976: 126.
e. Emotional insulation An individual will reduce his emotional involvement in situations which are
viewed as disappointing and hurtful. He will keep his anticipations within limits. According to Coleman, “an individual may become passive recipients of whatever
life brings him in order to protect himself from the bitter hurt or sustained frustration” Coleman, 1976:126. He also stated that, “it provides a protective shell which
prevents a repetition of previous pain, but it reduces the individual’s healthy, vigorous participation in life” Coleman, 1976: 127.
f. Sublimation
Freud also adds self-denfence mechanism in Peter Barry’s book 2002:96, Beginning Theory, An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory, which is called
sublimation. It is the redirection of an impulse onto a powerless substitute target. The target can be a person or an object that can serve as a symbolic substitute. It
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takes place when we manage to displace our emotions into a constructive rather than destructive activity.
From the theories that has been mentioned above, there are five defense mechanism which Otoko uses in order to deal with traumatic experiences. The
defenses are denial of reality, repression, emotional insulation, and sublimation.
4. Theory of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Theory of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder is needed to help analyzing the actual feeling which Otoko represses. In Mental Hygine, there are stated that,
In the nightmares of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder victims, the content is based on the difficult circumtances they experienced at the time of the trauma. for
example, someone who was injured in the explosion of a bus is likely to dream about explosions Caroll, 1961:90.
People who have traumatic experience in their lives tend to undergo the symptom as the result of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. They will have nightmares about their
traumatic experiences or things which related to the traumatic experiences. For trauma survivor, nightmares can be a common source of distress. Nightmares
are one of the 17 symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. Along with flashback and intrusive thoughts or memories, nightmares are one of the ways in
which a trauma survivor may re-experience or relive the traumatic experience for the months or years following the event Caroll, 1961:93.
Flashback and intrusive thoughts or memory may trigger nightmares which are related to their traumatic experiences. As the theory that has been mentioned, Otoko
undergoes Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. As Oki is back to her life again after years
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of parting, Otoko recalls all the traumatic experiences that she had in the past. One of the recall which is showed is the nightmare Otoko has after she meets Oki.
5. Theory of Human Needs
Motivation plays the key role in determining both the direction the goals which are pursued and the activation the effort which is expended in trying to attain
the goals of human behavior. To understand human motivation, it is needed to distinguish between the terms motive and need.
Motive refers to any condition of the individual that initiates or directs behavior toward a specific goal, while need refers to a requirements that must be met for
heallthy development andor functioning Coleman, 1976:96.
According to Coleman, needs are devided into two, the biological needs and the emotional needs. He explained that the biological needs includes Coleman, 1964:
97-103: a. Visceral needs
It is the most basic of all human needs. It includes food, water, sleep, the elimination of wastes, and for other conditions and substances necessary for life.
b. The need for safety and avoidance of pain Psychological integration depends on adequate contact with the outside world. An
optimal level of stimulation and activity that varies over time must be maintained within limits for a normal psychological functioning.
c. The need for sexual gratification
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Sex can be an important source of satisfaction and self-realization or else a source of anxiety and self-devaluation, although the meaning and importance of sexual motives
vary greatly from one person to another. The strength of an individual’s sex drive depends heavily on past learning.
Coleman also explains about emotional needs. There are five kinds of emotional needs:
a Curiosity: understanding, order, predictability. b Adequacy, competence, security.
c Love, belonging, approval. d Self-esteem, worth, identity.
e Values, meaning, hope.
6. The Relation between Literature and Psychology
According to Wellek and Warren, there is a close relation between psychology and literature. Psychology and literature have a close relation in which some works of
literature talk about psychology cases. They also discuss that character in plays and novels are judged to be “psychologically” true. Sometimes a psychological theory,
held either consciously or dimly by an author, seems to fit a figure or a situation 1956: 91-92. There is other collaboration which collaborates the explanation about
literature and psychology by Kalish. Literature and psychology are two subjects that
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can be a media to explain human’s life. He states that literature “holds the mirror up the man”. A good writer or novelist can communicate the feelings of his characters
and make them seem more life-like than the real people whose behavior the psychologist attempts to describe. The writer can use the understanding provided by
psychologist to enrich their stories, and psychologist can gain in their understanding of human behavior by drawing from the deep sensitivity of good authors Kalish,
1973: 8.
C. Theoretical Framework
This study has two problems. The writer uses the theories that have been explained to analyze the problem formulations. The first theory is the theory of
character by Abrams. This theory functions to determine whether Otoko is a major or minor character in the story.
The second theory is theory of character based on its development by Laurence Perrine. This theory functions to determine whether Otoko is a static or dynamic
character in the story. It is seen from the development of the character from the beginning to the end of the story.
The next theory is theory of characterization by M. J. Murphy. This theory functions to explain Otoko’s sexual pattern seen from her characterization. The fourth
theory is the theory of Homosexuality by James C. Coleman. This theory functions to analyze which type of homosexuality Otoko is and the factors caused of Otoko’s
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Homosexuality. Other theories which are used in this study are theory of Trauma and theory of Human Needs. These theories function to analyze how the factors of
homosexuality caused Otoko’s homosexuality.
