Theoretical Framework REVIEW OF LITERATURE

32 primary data was the novel itself. While the secondary data were the supporting books to help analyzing the study. The first step which the writer did was reading the novel Beauty and Sadness by Yasunari Kawabata. The writer read the novel in several times to understand the story. The aim of reading the novel more than once was to understand the story deeply because the novel was the primary source of the analysis. The second step was determining the topic of the analysis and picking up the problems arose in the story to put in the problem formulation section. Thirdly, the writer collected data to explore information about the novel. It included studies related to this study and theories which might be used in this study. Those data were taken from library observation and internet research. The fourth step was analyzing each problem of the study. Psychological approach was used to analyze the problems because it was related to human behavior patterns. Regarding the first question, the writer tried to describe the sexual pattern seen from the characterization of the main character, Ueno Otoko, using the theory of character and characterization. In answering the second question, the writer tried to find the causal factors of Otoko’s homosexuality by using four theories, theory of Homosexuality by Colleman, theory of Trauma by Coleman and some additional by Freud, and theory of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder by Caroll, and the last is theory of Human Needs by Coleman. The theory of Homosexuality fuctions to analyze the type of homosexuality and the causal factors of Otoko’s homosexuality. The theory of Trauma and theory of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder function to analyze Otoko’s 33 traumatic experiences as one of the causal factors of Otoko’s homosexuality. The last is theory of Human Needs function to analyze how Otoko’s biological and physical needs which motivate her homosexuality. The last step of this study was to draw the conclusion from what has been analyzed. This step is simply conducting all data in the analysis and generalized them into representative statements. 34

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS

Based on what is stated in the problem formulation, this analysis part is devided in to two subchapters. The first part discusses the sexual pattern of Otoko seen from her characterization. The second part discusses the causal factors that caused Otoko’s homosexuality.

A. Otoko’s Sexual Patterns

There is only one character disscused in this study named Otoko. Abrams stated that there are two kind of character in the story based on its importance in the story, major and minor character. Based on his theory, Otoko is the main character in the novel. Otoko was substantially involved in the main action as well as becoming the central and the most important in the story Abrams, 1999:20. The story was focused on the character named Ueno Otoko who experienced complexity of her life thus affected her sexual pattern. Based on the internal complexity, as Laurence Perrine said in his book 1978: 71, Otoko is a dynamic character who experienced changes from the begining to the end of the story. Otoko’s sexual pattern changed at her adulthood. She started as a heterosexual person at her childhood then became a homosexual person at her adulthood.