Review of Related Studies

12 story. He is the same sort of person as he was at the beginning. While dynamic character is the opposite of static character. He experiences changes from the beginning to the end of the story. It could be for better or worse 1978: 71. Discussing further about character is as important as discussing the characterization. According to Roth Berger and Woods, Jr., characters have particular personalities and physical attributes that distinguish them from other characters. Characterization is the process by which an author creates the character 1971:20. In terms of characterization, the writer intends to apply the theory of characterization from M. J. Murphy’s Understanding Unseen. It illustrates some ways in representing the characters. The author attempts to make his characters understandable to come and alive for the readers. Murphy categorizes the characterization as follows 1972: 161-173: a. Personal Description This characterization deals much with physical appearances of the characters. The description is often related to psychological condition, because personality can be reflected from external appearance. b. Character as Seen by Another The author describes the characters through the eyes and opinion of the other characters in the story. The direct opinion of the other characters could explain the characteristics of a character. 13 c. Speech The characteristics of the characters are reflected through what they say. Whenever the characters speak, whenever he put forward an opinion, they give the readers clues to their characteristics. d. Past Life The author gives the readers a clue to the characteristics of the characters by letting the readers learn something about the character’s past life. What have happened in the character’s past, might shape his characteristics in the present. e. Conversation with Others In this category, the author gives the readers clue about the characteristic of the characters through conversation of the characters. Whenever the characters are in conversation with another, they gives the readers to their characteristics. f. Reactions The character shows his characteristics from his action and reaction. We can see the characteristic of a character through his action and reaction to the other characters or the conflicts he faces. So that, the readers understand the characteristics of the characters, including, mental and moral qualities, in the story. g. Thoughts The author gives the readers direct knowledge of what a character is thinking about. The characters’ thought and feeling can reflect their characteristics. 14 h. Direct Comment of The Author The author directly describes or comments on the characteristic of a character in the story. i. Mannerism The author describes the characteristics of the characters through their mannerism, habits or idiosyncrasies. All the theory about the characterizations that are mentioned above can be applied to facilitate the reader to analyze the characterization of the character that plays in the story. This study uses theory fom M.J Murphy to reveal Otoko’s sexual pattern through the characterization. There are three theories that is used to do the analysis such as theory of personal description, theory of past life, theory of coversation with others, and theory of direct comment of the author.

2. Theory of Homosexuality

Theory of homosexuality is needed to help analyzing Otoko’s type of homosexuality and the causal factors of her homosexuality. Homosexuality is a relation between two persons in which they are attracted sexually to each other and their strongest feelings and affections are directed toward each other, but it may or may not involve overtly sexual contact or intercourse. 15

a. Types of Homosexuals

There are also various attempts have been made to categorize homosexuals. Although such labeling is crude and stereotyped at best and misleading at worst, it nevertheless does give some idea of the range of homosexual patterns and life-styles, and also of the impact of societal pressures on those who commit homosexuality. There are the classification of homosexual as in Our Sexuality 1983: 483 written by Crooks and Karla. i. The Blatant Homosexual This type of homosexual deals with the individuals who are fit by the popular stereotype of the homosexual-the lisping, limp-wristed, swishing caricature of femininity, in the case of male. On the other side, his lesbian counterpart, called the “butch”, “dyke” or “stud” flaunts her masculinity, even to the point of trying to look like a man. Some transvestites, who enjoy wearing the clothes and often assuming the behavior of the opposite sex, fit in this category too. However, as we shall see, many transvestites are not homosexual. ii. The Desperate Homosexual The so-called desperate homosexual tends to haunt public toilets “tearooms” or steam baths and it is apparently driven to homosexual behavior but unable to face the tensions of establishing and sustaining a serious homosexual relationship. iii. The Secret Homosexual The members of this type range across all class and racial lines, but they tend to come from the middle class and to hold positions that they try to protect by