Review of Related Studies

c Causative verbs followed by present participle after the causee, e.g. send, leave. d Causative verbs followed by to-present participle after the causee, e.g. set. a. Meaning and Function Each causative verb of make, have, get has different interpretation though their meanings are similar. The function of those causative verbs is to show the process where X the causer causes Y the causee to do something Azar, 1999: 339. I made my little sister cook the noodle. I had my little sister cook the noodle. I got my little sister to cook the noodle. The sentences above carry different meaning in interpretation. In the examples, the three verbs present a process where X causes Y to perform an action that X intended. Nonetheless, the three sentences have different interpretation of meaning as what is described by Azar 1999: 339. The following table shows the different meanings and interpretations based on the examples above, Table 2.1 The Meanings of Make, Have, and Get Causatives Make Interpretation X had ordered Y to cook the noodle that Y could not refuse the order. Meaning It uses force to ask the causee to do what the causer intends. Have Interpretation X requests Y to cook the noodle. X’s request probably occurs because Y habitually does the action. Meaning It suggests a routine hiring as between costumer and bussiness person. Get Interpretation X managed to persuade Y to cook the noodle. Meaning It indicates that persuasion by the causer is involved. In short, here are the differences of make, have, get causatives in function. Table 2.2 The Functions of Make, Have, and Get Causatives Make Have Get To imply the idea that the causee is forced by the causer to do the intended result although there is a chance of resistance. To show the service frame between the causer and the causee. To indicate that some effort is required by the causer. To indicate that there is an intentional causer for the animateinanimate causee to do the intended action. To imply the meaning that the causee is willingly to do the result. To indicate that the causer wants the result to be performed. There is a difference between make and have causatives observed by the focus of the goal. We’ll have you a linguist in no time. We’ll make you a linguist in no time. From the examples above, it is portrayed that the make causative focuses on the process of the causing event whereas have focuses on the result Stefanowitsch, 2001: 143. The other example is I had the plumber repair the leak. In this sentence, the focus lays on the repaired leak instead of how the plumber can repair the leak. In other circumstances, there is a similarity between get and have which they have little or no difference in meaning in the form of passive voice Azar, 1999: 339. In the following examples, there is no different interpretation in meaning and both have and get have the same function. I had my watch repaired by someone. I got my watch repaired by someone.

3. Active and Passive Voice

The general form of active voice has a function to perform the doer or the agent as the subject of the clause Celce-Murcia, Marianne and Larsen Freeman, 1999: 343. For example, the sentence of Darwin studied the fauna of the Galapagos islands shows that the speaker emphasizes Darwin as the subject who does such an action. However, it is possible if the sentence emphasizes the object of the sentence. Therefore, the sentence can be changed into The fauna of the Galapagos islands was studied by Darwin. In this case, the object of the active sentence is changed to be the subject of the sentence. This form of sentence is called the passive voice. Azar explains the function of passive voice into two. First, passive voice is most frequently used when the subject agent is not known or is not important to be mentioned Azar, 1999: 211. For examples: Rice is grown in Indonesia by the farmer. My house was built in 1996 by the workers. Second, passive voice can be used to emphasize the object of the active sentence although the speaker knows who perform the action Azar, 1999: 211. For examples: The sweater was made by my grandmother. This delicious cake was cooked by Anie. There are also some considerations to insert the agent in the passive sentence. First, the agent may be inserted when the agent is a new information Celce-Murcia, Marianne and Larsen Freeman, 1999: 355, for example: Jill’s purse was snatched by a young man. Second, the agent can be stated when it is an inanimate Celce-Murcia,