Problem Formulation Objectives of the Study

B. Review of Related Theories 1.

Grammar Grammar is a set of rules which specify all the possible structures of the language. Therefore, all of the production of words and sentences of a language are set systematically by the rules. The structure of language includes the structure of word and sentence. In English, understanding a language is started from understanding the word construction and the word function, for example: the word sing has a function of verb, which it shows an action or the activity done by the doer. In this case, it is important to acknowledge part of speech which is divided into ten types, for instance noun, adjective, verb, preposition, and so on Quirk and Greenbaum, 1985: 18. Then, it is continued with the learning of producing a phrase, a clause, and a sentence. In addition, it is also needed to learn the tenses in English such as present progressive tense, past tense, future tense, etc. It is indeed that combining the words to make a sentence needs an acceptable pattern which is based on the systematic rules. The knowledge of grammar rules is required in order to build up a good connection throughout language so people can talk and understand what the speaker is saying and what meanings that the speaker is trying to imply.

2. Causative

The term ‘causative’ refers to one of word-formations which is a group of verbs including some of transitive verb, intransitive verb, and auxiliary verbs that indicate the underlying structure of ‘cause’ towards something implicitly or explicitly Kastovsky, 1973 : 256. Causative verbs involve an agent who does such an action to cause another agent to do an action as the agent intended Celce-Murcia, Marianne and Larsen Freeman, 1999: 653, or to cause another thing to produce a change from its preceding position or situation. Therefore, the involvement of two or more people in causative construction is divided into two: the causer and the causee Stefanowitsch, 2001: 35. The causer is the entity, animate or inanimate, that brings about the caused event or generally known as a subject or an agent Gilquin, 2003: 127. The causee is the opposite which is the entity that is changed or influenced by the causer and carries out the effect of the caused event which is usually has the function as the object Gilquin, 2003: 127. The causative construction or the “linguistic organization of causation construal” will be referred to as causativity Stefanowitsch, 2001: 11. There are four types of complementation of causatives explained by Stefanowitsch 2001: 5 : a Causative verbs followed by bare infinitive after the causee, e.g. make, have b Causative verbs followed by to-infinitive after the causee, e.g. force, get, drive, move.