Marianne and Larsen Freeman, 1999: 355, for instance: I don’t know whether all my
data will be blocked by the server. Third, the agent can be mentioned if the agent is a well-known person and when it is used as additional information Celce-Murcia,
Marianne and Larsen Freeman, 1999: 355, for example: The Mona Lisa was painted by Da Vinci.
The form of passive voice is shortly explained as follows,
4. Active and Passive Causative
The form of active causative is the general form of the causative where the causative sentence uses bare infinitive or to-infinitive after the causative verbs.
I got Derry to repair my car. I made Sue wake up early before I picked her up.
I had my sister clean the bathroom. The form of make, have, get causatives in active sentences can be formulated
as follows,
Table 2.3 The Form of Active Causatives Make
Subject + make + Object + bare infinitive
Have
Subject + have + Object + bare infinitive
Get Subject + get + Object + to-infinitive
From the examples, there is a similar pattern of active causative: the subject causer is followed by the causative verb which is directly followed by the object
causee. In this case, like the common active voice, the active causative emphasizes
Subject + be + past participle + by + object agent
the existence of the object or the person who is doing the job. However, the person who is doing the job is not the causer or the subject of the main clause but it is the
causee. Therefore, it is significant in the active causative to mention the object. In the other side, passive causative is used when the speaker does not know or
does not want to mention who is doing the job. Like the passive voice, passive causative also uses past participle in the causing event.
I finally had the lawn mowed. I finally got the lawn mowed.
The passive form of make causative will be slightly different from the passive form of get and have. For example, the sentence John made Mary bake a cake will
have two possible passive forms: John made a cake be baked by Mary
Mary was made to bake a cake by John. It is rare and almost never happens in English the form of passive causative in
the first sentence of examples. In fact, it is also rare to find make causative in the passive form. The acceptable passive form of make causative is in the second
sentence of examples where John is optional to be mentioned. This makes the passive causative form of make is similar with the regular passive voice:
Subjcauser + haveget + complement + past participle + by objcausee
optional
Objcausee + be + past participle + to infinitive + by Subjcauser
optional
5. Causative in Indonesian
Causative in Indonesian has different characteristics compared to make, have, get causatives in English. Indonesian has the suffix and prefix form to create
causative word. It is also possible in some words that the causative meaning is derived from combination of a prefix and a suffix in a word. The first step to add the
causative meaning is by adding the prefix {mem-} into the word which is an allomorph for {meN-}. The other allomorphs that can be found are {meny-}, {men-},
{meng-}, {me-}, and {menge} Moeliono, 1997: 25. Then, the {mem-} word can be added by several affix and prefix. The causative forms in Indonesian are devided
into five forms: 1 prefix {memme-}; 2 affix { –kan}; 3 affix {–i}; 4 prefix {per-};
5 combination of prefix {per-} and affix { –kan}.
Affix { –kan} is the common one to be used to imply the meaning of
causative. In Indonesian, this affix can be applied into a noun, a verb, and an adverb Moeliono, 1997: 108. Here are the examples.
Table 2.4 Affix { –kan} to Form Causative Meaning in Indonesian
Part of Speech
Root Root + {-kan}
{Mem-} + root + {-kan}
Meaning
Noun Dewa
god Dewakan
Mendewakan Cause someone to be
praised highly as god Verb
Tidur sleep
Tidurkan Menidurkan
Cause someone to sleep Adverb
Harus must
Haruskan Mengharuskan
Cause something to be an obligation
Affix { –i} has a different process compared to affix {–kan} because it
changes the object condition, rather than just explaining the result Moeliono, 1997: 112. The examples are menerangkan and menerangi. Menerangkan means to cause
a problem becomes clearer while menerangi means to cause a roomsurface becomes lighter. Most of the roots in this affix group are nouns and adjectives.
Table 2.5 Affix { –i} to Form Causative Meaning in Indonesian
Part of Speech
Root Root + {-i}
Mem- + root + {-i} Meaning
Noun Panas
hot Panasi
Memanasi Cause something
someone to be hot Adjective
Kotor dirty
Kotori Mengotori
Cause something to be dirty
Next, affix {per-} implies the meaning of cause the object more to be root than before Moeliono, 1997: 114. It carries meaning that the result might be or
might be not happen as expected. However, it will be different if prefix {mem-} is combined with prefix {per-} because the process is no longer cause the object more
to be but it will be cause the object to be. The examples are mostly adjectives.
Table 2.6 Prefix {per-} to Form Causative Meaning in Indonesian Part of
Speech Root
{Per-} + root
Meaning {Mem-} +
{per-} + root Meaning
Adjective Jelas
clear Perjelas
Cause something to be
more obvious than before, but
the result might not be more
obvious Memperjelas
Cause something to
be obvious in the result
