analysed how accurate and acceptable the translation of metaphors found in Twilight
translation, and also what strategies are applied in translating the metaphors in order to be accurate and acceptable
by using Larson‟s theory. There are differences between Lengari‟s undergraduate thesis and this research, in this
research, the researcher analyzed the readability in order to know how readable the translation of gothic terms, and also analyzed the methods used in translating
gothic terms by using Hervey and Higgins‟ theory.
B. Review of Related Theories
To support the analysis, some theories are reviewed in this part. The theories are theory of translation, translation methods, and readability.
1. Theory of Translation
According to Newmark 1981:136 translation is demonstrably a science when one is handling terms of art that have accepted equivalent and terms where
one has to find the nearest possible equivalent. Hatim and Munday 2004:3 are also defined translation as the first sense
focuses on the role of the translator in taking the original or source text ST and turning it into a text in another language TT.
Bell 1991:5-6 defines translation as the expression in target language of what has been expressed in source language, preserving semantics and stylistics
equivalence. It is replacement of a text in one language by representation of an equivalent text in a second language. Translation transfers sentences from source
language into target language. Target language should have same meaning with the source language so that it does not lead to misunderstanding.
Hatim and Munday 2004:40-41 state that the attitude to translatability and comprehensibility has given rise to dynamic equivalence or formal equivalence.
Formal equivalence is a relation which involves the purely formal replacement of one word of phrase in the SL by another in the TL. Formal equivalence is not
same as literal translation because literal translation tend to preserve formal features while a formal translation is formal features that preserved only the text
carry contextual valuees that become part of overall text meaning.
2. The Theory of Translation Methods
a. Translation method by Peter Newmark
According to Newmark 1981, there are two methods of translation, first is communicative translation and second is semantic translation.
There are wide differences between communicative translation and semantic translation. Communicative translation attempt to produce on its readers an effect
as close as posible to that obtained on the readers of the original while semantic translation attempts to render, as cloesely as the semantic and syntactic structures
of the SL. Not only that communicative translation try to make the thought of cultural content of the original easier to understand to the readers while the
semantic translation remains within the original culture. Communicative translation is smoother, simpler, clearer, more direct, more
conventional, conform to a particular register of language, more understandable.
Semantic translation is more complex, awkward, detailed, concentrated, and pursue the thought-processes rather than the intention of transmitter.
Most of non literary writing, journalism, informative articles and books, textbooks, reports, scientific and technological writing, propaganda, publicity, and
popular fiction represent typical material for communicative translation. For semantic translation, is represented in contents such as philosophical, religious,
political, scientific, technical and literary. Those contents are represented as semantic translation because it needs to be translated semantically
Newmark,1981:44. Newmark also stated that a translation can be more or less semantic
– more or less communicative
– even a particular section or sentence can be treated more communicatively or less semantically 1981:40.
b. Translation method by Sandor Hervey and Ian Higgins
Some methods from Sandor Hervey and Ian Higgins will be used in this research. In their book, they explained about translation methods that related with
the cultural term. They mention some various kinds of cultural transposition which can be alternative to analyze Source Language SL-biased literal
translation. It means that as a translator tool, cultural transposition can suppress the cultural elements of the source text to make space for the cultural elements of
the target text. Some degree of cultural transposition that involves the choice of features original to the Target Language TL and the target culture in preference
to feature with their root in the source culture. The result is to reduce the
„foreignness‟ or the specific term in the TL. In some extents, it is „naturalizing‟ into the TL and its cultural setting. 2002:33
The various degree of cultural transposition can be visualized as points along a scale. It starts between the extremes of exoticism which mostly based on source
culture and the other part is cultural transplantation which is mostly based on on the target culture.
Exoticism Cultural
Borrowing Calque
Communicative Translation
Cultural Transplantation
Hervey et al, 2002:33 i.
Exoticism Exoticism is a part of literal translations which has the extreme option in
indicating cultural foreignness in a TL. A TL is translated in exotic manner to convey the signals of the exotic source culture and its cultural strangeness. It is a
choice to import the linguistic and cultural features from SL to TL. In this process, the adaptation is rarely used to maintain the cultural foreignness. The result here is
that foreign features remained in the TL. The only possible advantage of the literal translation is its exoticism, but this advantage is cancelled by two things: the
obscurity of the TL and the lack of contextual meaning. If there were good reasons for preserving the exoticism, one could diminish these advantages by
indirectly signaling in the TL 2002:34. For example, I want to check this file which is translated into Saya ingin memeriksa file ini. The word file can also be
translated into berkas but to give an exotic nuance, the word file is still translated into file.
ii. Cultural borrowing
The method is particularly to transfer a SL expression faithfully into the TL. The translator will choose it when it shows impossible to find a suitable TL
expression of original for translating the SL expression. A vital condition of cultural borrowing is that the textual context of the TL should make the meaning
of the borrowed expression clear. Cultural borrowing will be most frequent in text on history or social or
political matters, where the simplest solution is to give a definition of term like „departement‟, or „pre-revolution‟ „parlement‟ and then to use the SL word in the
TT Hervey et al, 2002:36. Furthermore, when the term of SL has already passed into the TL without significant change of meaning, the constituting standard
conventional equivalents of the SL borrowed. In this case, the translator may use significant decision of the TL which equivalent to the SL.
For example, demokrasi, bank, and gender. Those words are borrowed and sometimes are naturalized.
iii. Calque
Calque is an expression that consists of TL words and is acceptable as TL syntax, but is unidiomatic in the TL because it is modeled on the structure of an
SL expression. In essence, calque is a form of literal translation. A bad calque is imitating ST features to the point of being ungrammatical in the TL, while a good
calques manages to compromise between imitating a SL structure and not
offending against the grammar of the TL. Furthermore, some calqued expressions become standard TL cultural equivalent of the SL. For example are French „poids
mo ucche‟, calqued on English „flyweight‟; French-Canadian „bienvennue‟ calque
in English „you‟re welcome‟. Like all forms of cultural borrowing, calque shows signs of a certain degree of exoticism, bringing into the TL the cultural
foreignness and strangeness of the source cultures Hervey et al, 2002:35. Another example of calque, everytime I say good bye to you, I die a little which is
translated into setiap kali aku mengucapkan selamat tinggal kepadamu, aku mati sedikit.
This translation is like word to word translation. iv.
Communicative translation It is different from cultural borrowing since the translator may choose for
communicative translation. This is often necessary to transfer culturally conventional principle where a literal rendering would be inappropriate. For
example, many proverbs, idioms, and clichés have readily expressed communication equivalents in the TL. It can be assumed that communicative
translation is appropriate in the context because it render the situational impact with the TL expression 2002:37. For example, it is raining cats and dogs which
is translated into Hujan sangat lebat. v.
Cultural transplantation Cultural transplantation is the opposite end of level from exoticism which is
the extreme from of all translation, but more like adaptations. The whole part in SL is transplanted into the rewritten expressions of TL. However, on certain
points of detail as long as they do not have the impact of the expression that make
the TT strange, cultural transplantation maybe considered as a serious option. Normal translation seems avoid the two levels of exoticism and cultural
transplantation. Hervey et al, 2002:34. For example, in Lafontaine‟s fable, fox is substituted as kancil, and keju is substituted as dendeng.
3. Theory of Readability
