84
by one kind of presupposition triggers namely definite descriptions. Most of the countries’ and states’ slogans were triggered by definite descriptions because
those country slogans or taglines presuppose the existence of something and those country slogans already convey meaning. By analyzing the kinds of
presuppositional triggers that trigger the countries’ and states’ slogans, it is easier
for the researcher to categorize the presuppositions into their types.
B. What Types of Presuppositions that Occur in Countries’ and States’
Slogans
In order to answer the second research problem about what the types of presuppositions
occur in countries’ and states’ slogans, the researcher applied the theory of types of presuppositions by Yule 1996. There are 6 types of
presuppositions affirmed by Yule 1996, namely existential presuppositions, factive presuppositions, lexical presuppositions, structural presuppositions, non-
factive presuppositions and counterfactual presuppositions. However, not all of those types of presuppositions discovered
in countries’ and states’ slogans. There were only three types of presuppositions occurred in
countries’ and states’ slogans, namely existential presuppositions, factive presuppositions, and lexical
presuppositions. The percentage of types of presuppositions occurred in the countries and states slogans are presented in figure 4.2 as follows.
85
Figure 4.2 Types of presuppositions
1. Existential Presuppositions
Existential presupposition is the basic or fundamental type of presupposition. Existential presuppositions, in general, are triggered by definite
descriptions which are constructed by using proper names, definite articles, demonstrative pronoun and possessives. Since existential presuppositions are
commonly triggered by definite descriptions, the researcher found many countries’ and states’ slogans which have definite descriptions as their
presuppositional triggers. There were 73.4 of the countries and states slogans belong to existential presuppositions. There were 58 countries and states in this
world that the presuppositions occur in their slogans were triggered by definite descriptions, namely Albania 59, Andorra 60, Aruba 13, Australia 53,
Bolivia 23, Brazil 24, Brunei 30, Bulgaria 62, Cambodia 31, Cyprus 64, Dubai 32, Ecuador 25, Egypt 1, Ethiopia 2, Florida 16, Hawaii 17,
73.4 7.5
18.9
Types of Presuppositions
Existential Presuppositions Factive Presuppositions
Lexical Presuppositions
86 Gambia 3, Greece 66, Guyana 26, Hong Kong 33, Hungary 67, India
34, Indonesia 35, Ireland 69, Japan 37, Kerala 38, Laos 40, Latvia 71, Lesotho 4, Macau 41, Malaysia 42, Maldives 43, Manly Sydney 54,
Massachusetts 19, Montenegro 72, Morocco 5, Namibia 6, Nepal 44, New South Wales 55, Nigeria 7, North Korea 45, Philippines 46, Portugal 73,
Qatar 47, Queensland 56, Romania 74, Singapore 48, South Africa 8, Spain 77, Taiwan 50, Tasmania 57, Tunisia 9, Uganda 10, Venezuela
28, Victoria 58, Vietnam 52, Wales 79, and Zimbabwe 11. Those country and state slogans belong to existential presuppositions
because the meaning of those slogans is clearly stated and it shows the existence of something in this world
as in Aruba’s 13 slogan: 13
Aruba adopted a country slogan One Happy Island The country slogan of Aruba presupposes that there is one island where
many happy people live. The visitors of Aruba will find the overwhelming majority of Arubans who are really friendly and welcoming. The visitors who
come to Aruba will feel happy and comfortable with all the things they can find or do in Aruba.
There are accurate names in those slogans so that people or the readers can understand the meaning directly. Besides the proper names that can be seen from
those slogans, some of those slogans also contain possessives as in Singapore’s
48 and Kerala’s 38 slogan:
38 Kerala adopted a country slogan God’s Own Country
87 The country slogan of Kerala,
God’s Own Country, presupposes that Kerala tourism is considered as one of the destinations with highest recall.
48 Singapore adopted a country slogan Your Singapore The country slogan adopted by Singapore presupposes that you the
visitors are able to design their own journey. The other country and state slogans which belong to existential
presuppositions containing possessives are Hong Kong 33, Cyprus 64, and Massachusetts 19. Even though existential presuppositions are generally
triggered by definite description, in this research the researcher found that there were existential presuppositions triggered by comparisons and contrasts. The
researcher found four existential presuppositions of country slogans triggered by comparisons and contrasts, namely Latvia 71, Philippines 46, Qatar 47, and
Tunisia 9. 46
Philippines adopted a country slogan It’s More Fun in the Philippines The country slogan of Philippines presupposes that there are more
pleasures in the Philippines than in the other countries. 47 Qatar adopted a country slogan As Independent as You Are
The country slogan adopted by Qatar presupposes that you the visitors are independent. Qatar combines tradition with innovative and independent spirit.
2. Factive Presuppositions
Factive presupposition is a type of presupposition which has information following such verbs like know, realize, regret, surprised, strange, and a slightly
large number of other verbs, predicate adjectives, and predicate nouns which take
88 a clause as a subject or object. The information expressed is considered as a fact,
meaning that this kind of presupposition presupposes the truth of what is affirmed. Factive presuppositions can be triggered by factive verbs. From the data that had
been analyzed by the researcher, there were 7.5 of the countries and states slogans belong to factive presuppositions. There were six country and state
slogans belong to factive presupposition, namely Anguilla 12, Estonia 65, Italy 70, Mexico 20, Ohio 21 and Slovenia 76.
65 Estonia adopted a country slogan Positively Transforming
The phrase that plays as Estonia’s slogan presupposes that Estonia is transforming or changing in a positive way. Estonia is undergoing such transitions
in all aspects or areas of its life and entering the world and European community. 20 Mexico adopted a country slogan The Place You Thought You Knew
The country slogan of Mexico presupposes that Mexico would like to inspire the tourists or visitors by introducing the natural wonders and cultural
heritage that some people may have never thought existed in Mexico.
3. Lexical Presuppositions
Lexical presupposition is a type of presupposition that another non- asserted meaning is understood. Different from factive presuppositions, lexical
presuppositions presuppose an unstated concept. From the data analyzed, there were 18.9 of the countries and states slogans belong to lexical presupposition.
There were 15 country slogans belong to lexical presuppositions and those slogans were triggered by three kinds of presuppositional triggers, namely
implicative verbs, change of state verbs, and iteratives.
89 The country slogans triggered by implicative verbs were Iceland 68,
Korea 39, Paraguay 22, Peru 27, Scotland 75, and Switzerland 78. 39 Korea adopted a country slogan Be Inspired
The country slogan adopted by Korea, Be Inspired, emphasizes the hope of Korea that the visitors from another country will gain a new inspiration by visiting
Korea. 27 Peru adopted a country slogan Live The Legend
The country slogan of Peru presupposes that there is a legend in Peru and the readers or visitors are expected to experience the legend in Peru.
The country slogans triggered by the change of state verbs were Austria 61, Canada 15, and Thailand 51.
15 Canada adopted a country slogan Keep Exploring The country slogan presupposes Canada is filled with unexpected wonders
that are convinced to awaken the visitors to explore Canada. 51 Thailand adopted a country slogan Amazing Thailand, Always Amazes You
The country slogan of Thailand presupposes that Thailand had been amazing you.
“Amazing Thailand” is a brief summary of what Thailand can offer the visitors. The extended slogan “Always Amazes You” support that the visitors
will discover something new and wonderful each time they visit Thailand. Last, there were six country slogans triggered by iteratives, namely
California 14, Bangladesh 29, Croatia 63, Israel 36, Jamaica 18, and South Korea 49.
63 Croatia adopted a country slogan The Mediterranean As It Once
90 The country slogan adopted by Croatia presupposes that
Croatia’s fate was predetermined by the geographic characteristics that Croatia covers the sunny
Mediterranean, pre-Alpine mountains and the Pannonian Plains.
91
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
