How Presuppositional Triggers Hold to Support the Categorization of

52 explanation of kinds of presupposition triggers and also types of presupposition in presupposition occurred in countries’ and states’ slogans.

A. How Presuppositional Triggers Hold to Support the Categorization of

Presupposition into Its Type In order to answer the first research problem, namely, how the presuppositional triggers hold to support the categorization of presupposition occurs in countries’ and states’ slogans into its type, the researcher applied the theory of kinds of presupposition triggers by Karttunen 1973. There are 13 kinds of presupposition triggers proposed by Karttunen 1973, namely definite descriptions, factive verbs, implicative verbs, change of state verbs, iteratives, verbs of judging, temporal clauses, cleft sentences, implicit clefts with stressed constituents, comparisons and contrasts, non-restrictive relative clauses, counterfactual conditionals, and questions. The explanation and example of each have been presented in chapter II. The percentage of kinds of presuppositional triggers discovered in the countries and states slogans are presented in the figure 4.1 as follows. 53 Figure 4.1 Kinds of presupposition triggers Since the data gathered were listed alphabetically according to the continent where the countries and states belong to, the researcher began the data analysis by analyzing the presupposition triggers occurred in countries in Africa’s continent. There are 11 countries found in Africa’s continent which have slogans or taglines, namely Egypt, Ethiopia, Gambia, Lesotho, Morocco, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Tunisia, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. The italic words below indicate the triggers. 1 Egypt adopted a country slogan Where It All Begin Although this country slogan contains the word where which is usually used in WH-questions, the presupposition trigger holds in this slogan is not a question because this slogan is not in an interrogative form. The word where here means as an adverb of place. Meanwhile, the presupposition trigger holds in this presupposition based on Karttunen 1973 is definite description because it 68.3 7.5 7.5 3.7 7.5 5.06 Kinds of Presupposition Trigggers Definite Descriptions Factive Verbs Implicative Verbs Change of State Verbs Iteratives Comparisons and Contrasts 54 presupposes that there is a place where it all everything begins. There is a place in Egypt where it is all happening day and night called Naama Bay. This slogan presupposes that Egypt is the place where the life or the adventure begins. 2 Ethiopia adopted a country slogan The Cradle of Human Kind From the slogan of Ethiopia, The Cradle of Human Kind, it can be seen that the country Ethiopia is a cradle. There is a cradle or a small bed for baby which belongs to the human kind in this world. This slogan presupposes that Ethiopia is a nice place. People who are in Ethiopia will feel comfortable. Ethiopia is the cradle of humankind where humans first began to walk upright, including the notable ancestor, Lucy 3.2 million years old which be the one of Ethiopia’s rich prehistoric and paleontological heritage. Meanwhile, based on the theory of kinds of presuppositional triggers by Karttunen 1973, it can be concluded that the presupposition trigger holds in this slogan is definite description. 3 Gambia adopted a country slogan The Smiling Coast of Africa The country slogan of Gambia, The Smiling Coast of Africa, presupposes that there is a continent name Africa which has some coasts. The phrase the smiling coast indicates that the country Gambia is one of the coasts in Africa which there exist a lot of nice and friendly people. The spontaneous smile and friendliness of Gambians represent the sunny and peaceful side of the Gambia. From the analysis of the slogan of Gambia, it can be seen that the presupposition trigger holds in this slogan is definite description. 55 4 Lesotho adopted a country slogan Kingdom in the Sky From the country slogan of Lesotho above, it is clearly stated that the slogan presupposes that Lesotho is like a kingdom. People who visit Lesotho will feel that they are in a kingdom in the sky. Lesotho, which has some mountains, is located in the middle of South Africa. Lesotho offers wonderful mountain scenery, traditional people, endless hiking trails, and the chance to explore and enjoy remote areas. Hence, the definite description is the presupposition trigger of this country slogan because the meaning of the slogan is clearly stated there. 5 Morocco adopted a country slogan The Country that Travels within You From the slogan of Morocco, The Country that Travels within You, it can be seen that there is a country named Morocco, which seems to travel or move and the word you here means the readers of the slogan. From this country slogan, it can be concluded that the country Morocco will always in the readers’ mind or heart. The “country that travels within you” offers an exciting access into Morocco. The various sceneries from the wonderful peaks of the Atlas ranges, and the glimmering deserts and the beautiful beaches are the part of the wonderful experiences. Meanwhile, because of the meaning that is clearly stated in this slogan, the presupposition trigger holds in this country slogan is definite description. 6 Namibia adopted a country slogan Land of Contrast It can be seen clearly that the country slogan of Namibia, Land of Contrast, presupposes that diversity exists in Namibia which makes Namibia unique. This slogan presupposes that there exists ethnic and cultural diversity in Namibia. The 56 visitors can enjoy the stunning desert scenery near Wolwedans and cast for tiger fish on the Zambezi. And, the visitors can have a contemporary lunch in a Windhoek restaurant and dinner around a camp fire in the Kalahari. Meanwhile, the presupposition trigger of this slogan is definite description because the meaning of the slogan is clearly stated. 7 Nigeria adopted a country slogan Good People, Great Nation From the country slogan of Nigeria above, Good People, Great Nation, it is clearly declared that in the country name Nigeria there are a lot of nice people and there exists an enormous country. Nigerians are trustworthy, loving, hardworking and patriotic. Hence, Nigeria is known as a country which is truly fascinating that can be seen from the weather and the resilient people. Nigeria has beautiful landscape and extensive cultural diversity. Meanwhile, the presupposition trigger holds in this country slogan is definite description because the meaning of the country slogan itself is stated. 8 South Africa adopted a country slogan It’s Possible The slogan of South Africa, It’s Possible, presupposes that there exists something that is possible or potential. The country slogan builds a communication with the destination that shows the visitors’ personality. This country slogan describes South Africa as an exotic destination where visitors can enjoy various activities and become empowered from their experiences. Meanwhile, because of the meaning that is stated in the country slogan, definite description is the presupposition trigger in this country slogan. 57 9 Tunisia adopted a country slogan There’s More to Celebrate From the country slogan of Tunisia, There’s More to Celebrate, can be seen that there is a country name Tunisia and in Tunisia there is something to celebrate. The word more in the slogan indicates that in Tunisia, there are many things to commemorate and it also indicates the comparison that there are more things to be celebrated in Tunisia rather than in other countries. In Tunisia, there are sandy beaches and ancient history that have attracted visitors and there really are more to celebrate in Tunisia. Therefore, kinds of presuppositional trigger comparison and contrast holds in this country slogan. 10 Uganda adopted a country slogan Pearl of Africa From the slogan of Uganda, Pearl of Africa, it can be seen that the presuppositional trigger holds in this country slogan is definite description because the meaning of the slogan is clearly stated. The country slogan of Uganda presupposes that Uganda is like a pearl in Africa. Winston Churchill, British Prime Minister during the Second World War period admittedly remarked that Uganda was indeed the “pearl of Africa” because Uganda has everything that satisfies all categories of visitors. 11 Zimbabwe adopted a country slogan A World of Wonders From the country slogan of Zimbabwe, A World of Wonders, it can be seen that this slogan shows that there exists a world which has a lot of wonders. In Zimbabwe, there are wonderful people, wonderful landscape, wonderful hospitality, wonderful attractions, wonderful weather, wonderful cuisine, wonderful entertainment, and wonderful arts and crafts. Zimbabwe has good and 58 warm climate and also many kinds of flora and fauna. There are also Seven Wonders which can be found in Zimbabwe namely Zimbab we’s people and culture, rich history and heritage, the majestic Victoria falls, the great Zimbabwe the grand medieval palace, unspoiled wildlife and nature, the mystic of the Eastern highlands, and mythical Kariba and the mighty Zambzi. Meanwhile, the presupposition trigger holds in this country slogan is definite description. The following is the analysis of presupposition triggers occurred in countries’ slogans in America’s continent. There are 17 countries and states found in America’s continent which have slogans or taglines, namely Anguilla, Aruba, California, Canada, Florida, Jamaica, Massachusetts, Mexico, Paraguay, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela, Hawaii, and Ohio. 12 Anguilla adopted a country slogan Feeling is Believing The country slogan that is adopted by Anguilla, Feeling is Believing, presupposes that there exists something to believe. Anguilla is more than a destination for holiday or vacation. Anguilla represents the escape from the ordinary life. Anguilla is a place which provides the opportunity for the visitors to leave their busy life and to persuade people to enjoy the relaxation. Visitors come from different countries in this world to Anguilla to refresh the mind, body and spirit. There are some reasons why Anguilla adopted the slogan “feeling is believing”. Some of the reasons are there are many ways to get to Anguilla either by air or by sea. There are also many places to stay and many things to do in Anguilla. Therefore, because the meaning of the slogan is clearly stated, the presuppositional trigger holds in the country slogan of Anguilla is factive verb. 59 13 Aruba adopted a country slogan One Happy Island From the country slogan of Aruba, One Happy Island, it presupposes that Aruba is more of a desert and not much rain. Aruba is located far from the tropical-storm which means that hurricanes do not often come. Legendary Eagle and Palm beaches are the resorts of white sugary sand, warm, gentle waves, turquoise and aqua seas. In those beaches there are scuba diving, snorkeling, great windsurfing, and all the other water sports. On the land, the activity that can be done are playing golf, riding a horse or hiking. The visitors of Aruba will find the overwhelming majority of Arubans who are really friendly and welcoming. The visitors who come to Aruba will feel happy and comfortable with all the things they can find or do in Aruba. Meanwhile the presupposition trigger holds in this presupposition is definite description because the meaning of this slogan is stated. 14 California adopted a state slogan Find Yourself Here The state slogan of California, Find Yourself Here, presupposes that you the readers are in California and you the readers should or are expected to find yourself in California. California Travel and Tourism Commission’s CTTC defines California as a place where you the readers can definitely “find” yourself. The CTTC encouraging visitors to ‘find yourself’ in California and they have chosen characters for this slogan that represents the California lifestyle in world-class sports, great cuisine, the outdoors, music and entertainment. Hence, the presupposition trigger that holds in this state slogan is iterative because the readers of the slogan are intended to find themselves in California. 60 15 Canada adopted a country slogan Keep Exploring The country slogan of Canada, Keep Exploring, presupposes that in the country Canada there are many things to explore. This country slogan persuades the readers or visitors to do the exploration in Canada. Canada is filled with unexpected wonders that are convinced to awaken the visitors to explore Canada. Meanwhile, the presupposition trigger holds this presupposition is change of state verb. 16 Florida adopted a state slogan Sunshine State The state slogan of Florida, Sunshine State, presupposes that weather is a common occurrence in the state. Central Florida is known as the lightning capital of the United States. In Florida, the warm weather and many beautiful beaches attract many visitors to come to Florida every year. Many visitors planned on visiting Florida during spring break. Meanwhile, the presupposition trigger of this state slogan is definite description because the meaning of the slogan is clearly stated. 17 Hawaii adopted a state slogan The Islands of Aloha The state slogan of Hawaii, The Islands of Aloha, presupposes that there are some islands in Hawaii. There six islands in Hawaii namely Oahu, Kauai, Big Island, Maui, Molokai, and Lanai. Aloha, in Hawaiian language, means affection, peace, compassion, and mercy. It also has to be used as an English greeting to say hello. A folk etymology of Hawaii states that the word Aloha derives from a compound of the Hawaiian worlds alo which has meaning “presence”, “front”, “face”, or “share”. And ha means “breath of life” or “essence of life”. In Hawaii, 61 someone shows aloha in the way they treat others, whether family, friend, neighbor or even stranger. Meanwhile, definite description is the presupposition trigger that holds this state slogan. 18 Jamaica adopted a country slogan Once You Go, You Know From the country slogan of Jamaica, Once You Go, You Know, can be seen that this country slogan presupposes that you the readers go to Jamaica. On one occasion, you the readers go to Jamaica, you will know. Know here means that when the readers come to Jamaica, they will know the uniqueness of Jamaica such as Jamaica’s art, culture, cuisine, and unique experiences compare to the other countries. Therefore, the presuppositional trigger holds in this country slogan is iteratives. 19 Massachusetts adopted a state slogan Make It Yours The slogan of Massachusetts, Make It Yours, here presupposes that you the readers have to make it Massachusetts yours the readers’ own. There are many things which can be found in Massachusetts such as beaches, places to stay and culinary. And the visitors are expected to feel or experience what they can find there. Hence, the presupposition trigger that holds in this state slogan is definite description because it shows the possessive. 20 Mexico adopted a country slogan The Place You Thought You Knew The country slogan of Mexico, The Place You Thought You Knew, presupposes that in Mexico, there are so many different areas which are unidentified. Besides Mexico’s beautiful beaches, there are charming colonial towns from the Spanish occupation, ancient archaeological sites, Mexico’s 62 original cultural traditions, and cosmopolitan cities. The country slogan of Mexico presupposes that Mexico would like to inspire the tourists by introducing not only the beach destinations, but also the natural wonders, modern aspects and cultural heritage that some people may have never thought existed in Mexico. Thus, factive verb is the presupposition trigger that holds this slogan. 21 Ohio adopted a state slogan so much to Discover The state slogan of Ohio, So Much to Discover, presupposes that in state Ohio there are a lot of things to find out. Ohio is a state with many people and many activities for tourism. Visitors can visit zoos, museums, or art galleries. This country slogan persuades the visitors to come to Ohio because there are many things that the visitors can do. Hence, factive verb is the presupposition trigger of this presupposition. 22 Paraguay adopted a country slogan You Have to Feel It From the country slogan of Paraguay, You Have to Feel It, can be seen that this country slogan presupposes that you, in this slogan means the readers, have feelings to feel it in Paraguay. The word it in this slogan means something that has to be experienced in Paraguay such as beautiful landscapes, unspoiled and exotic nature, traditional cuisine, music, crafts, friendly people, and so much more. This slogan persuades the readers or public to come to Paraguay and feel or experience something there. Hence, the presuppositional trigger holds in this country slogan is implicative verb. 63 23 Bolivia adopted a country slogan Bolivia Awaits You The country slogan of Bolivia, Awaits You, presupposes that you will come to Bolivia and Bolivia waits for you to come. You in this country slogan means the visitors or the readers of the country slogan itself. So, Bolivia waits for the readers of the slogan or the people from another country to visit Bolivia, the country which is rich of national treasures and cultural highlights. The visitors need to discover the beauty of Bolivia’s landscape such as rainforest of Amazonia, the Andes, and the savannah of Gran Chaco or Lake Titicaca. Therefore, the presuppositional trigger holds in this country slogan is definite description. 24 Brazil adopted a country slogan Brazil Sensational From the country slogan adopted by Brazil, Brazil Sensational, it can be clearly seen that the country Brazil is astounding. Adventures in Brazil offer passionate travelers the chance to experience the natural and cultural wonders of Brazil through the eyes of a native Brazilian. Hence, from the clarity of meaning of this country slogan, definite description is the presuppositional trigger holds in this slogan. 25 Ecuador adopted a country slogan Love Life The meaning of country slogan adopted by Ecuador is clearly stated. The country slogan of Ecuador, Love Life, presupposes that there are love, affection, and existence in country Ecuador. The main purpose of this country slogan is that Ecuador is presented to the world as the country that loves life. The country slogan of Ecuador asks all visitors who come to Ecuador to learn to love life. 64 Therefore, the presuppositional trigger holds in this country slogan is definite description. 26 Guyana adopted a country slogan The Amazon Adventure From the country slogan adopted by Guyana, The Amazon Adventure, can be seen that this country slogan presupposes that there exists an adventure or exploration in Amazon. There are great wildlife, rich biodiversity, natural scenery, perfect and green rain forest, exotic bird life, rich culture, hospitable people, and many more. The Guyanese experience guarantees the visitors of Guyana that the time they stay with the Guyanese will be memorable, enhanced by the cultural exchanges, visiting interior communities, enjoying the cuisine and exploring the natural and historical attractions. Meanwhile, the presuppositional trigger holds in this country slogan is definite description. 27 Peru adopted a country slogan Live the Legend The country slogan of Peru presupposes that there exists a legend in Peru and the visitors or the readers of the country slogan or other people from another country intended to experience the legend in Peru. Legend here means something to experience by the visitors. If the visitors want wonderful ruins, they have Machu Picchu and Cusco. If the visitors want beaches, they can go to beautiful northern beaches. If they want adventure on snow or climbing, they can go to Huaraz, and many more. Meanwhile, the presupposition trigger holds in this slogan is implicative verb. 65 28 Venezuela adopted a country slogan Venezuela Is Your Destination From the country slogan adopted by Venezuela, Venezuela Is Your Destination, can be seen that this country slogan presupposes that you the readers have destination. By reading this country slogan, it can be assumed that when people go somewhere, the country Venezuela is their destination. The country Venezuela offers the tourists or visitors with a large number of crystal- water exotic beaches, where the sky mixes with the huge Caribbean Sea and the golden sands which create the wonderful harmony with the tropical sun. In every corner of Venezuela, there is a mix of flavors, rhythm, joy, history, traditions and hospitality of the Venezuela people with their charming smile. Hence, because the meaning of this country slogan is clearly stated, definite description is the presuppositional trigger holds in this slogan. The following is the analysis of presupposition triggers occurred in some countries in Asia’s continent. There are 24 countries found in Asia’s continent which have slogans or taglines, namely Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, Dubai, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Kerala, Korea, Laos, Macau, Malaysia, Maldives, Nepal, North Korea, Philippines, Qatar, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. 29 Bangladesh adopted a country slogan Come to Bangladesh before the Tourists The country slogan of Bangladesh, Come to Bangladesh before the Tourists, presupposes that the tourists will come to Bangladesh. This country slogan persuades the readers of the country slogan or the visitors to come to 66 Bangladesh as fast as possible before people from another country come. Bangladesh has long been a tourist destination for those who are searching for something different. Tourists nowadays are looking for the small things like some places that are undiscovered and unspoiled. Bangladesh remains a treasure for visitor by their time in Bangladesh. Bangladesh provides the visitors with really authentic experiences. Meanwhile, the presupposition trigger that triggered this slogan is iterative. 30 Brunei adopted a country slogan A Kingdom of Unexpected Treasures The country slogan of Brunei presupposes that there exists a lot of surprising treasures. With many natural and cultural activities that can be found in Brunei, Brunei offers some fun and excitement for visitors. Brunei has a clean and free-pollution environment and healthy lifestyle which make Brunei a destination for holiday. Meanwhile, the presupposition trigger holds in this country slogan is definite description because the meaning of the slogan is stated there. 31 Cambodia adopted a country slogan Kingdom of Wonder The country slogan of Cambodia, Kingdom of Wonder, presupposes that there exists a lot of things to figure out. This slogan presupposes that people who visit Cambodia will feel like they are in a kingdom and there are many things to know. The reason why Cambodia adopted the slogan kingdom of wonder is because Cambodia has many ancient temples which can attract the visitors. Cambodia has the most beautiful beach in the world and there are many natural resorts for tourism. So, the presupposition trigger holds in this country slogan is definite description. 67 32 Dubai adopted a country slogan Definitely Dubai The country slogan of Dubai, Definitely Dubai, presupposes that the country name Dubai is real. Dubai is a unique destination which there is dynamic business centre and a tourists’ paradise. Dubai offers many things such as fine dining, shopping, and places to stay. Therefore, the presupposition trigger holds in this slogan is definite description. 33 Hong Kong adopted a country slogan Asia’s World City From Hong Kong’s slogan, Asia’s World City, it can be seen that the meaning of this slogan is clearly stated. This slogan presupposes that there is a world city and it belongs to Asia. Hong Kong Tourism Board adopted the country slogan Asia’s world city to emphasize Hong Kong’s international and modern lifestyle and its cultural diversity including shopping, dining, festivals, culture and heritage and also outdoor activities such as hiking. Meanwhile, the presupposition trigger holds in this presupposition based on Karttunen 1973 is definite description because the sense of this presupposition is obviously affirmed. 34 India adopted a country slogan Incredible India The country slogan of India above presupposes that the country name India is unbelievable. The country slogan of India shows India as one of the attractive tourists’ destinations for vacation by showing the different aspects of Indians culture and history such as yoga and spirituality. Since the meaning is evidently stated, the presupposition trigger holds in this country slogan is definite description. 68 35 Indonesia adopted a country slogan Wonderful Indonesia The country slogan of Indonesia, Wonderful Indonesia, presupposes that the country Indonesia is breathtaking. Indonesia adopted this country slogan to reflect Indonesia’s beautiful nature, unique culture, various cuisines and hospitable people. Therefore, because of the meaning of the slogan which visibly stated, the presupposition trigger holds in this presupposition is definite description. 36 Israel adopted a country slogan Come Find the Israel in You The country slogan of Israel presupposes that Israel is in the readers’ heart. Israel gives the visitors a chance to enjoy a lot of things they like such as food, beach, and travel. There are many places to visit in Israel such as Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, the Dead Sea, and Eilat. The religious tourists, foodies, and extreme sport lovers will be pursued as part of the tourism. Israel tourism attracts the visitors with the slogans that there is a little bit of Israel in all of us the visitors. The presupposition trigger holds in this country slogan is iterative since this the slogan seemed to order the visitors to come and find the country Israel in you the reader’s soul. 37 Japan adopted a country slogan Endless Discovery The country slogan of Japan, Endless Discovery, presupposes that there is discovery or something to discover in Japan. The activity of discovering or finding something out and the process of the discovery itself is continual. Through this country slogan, Japan shows that Japan is a destination for tourism with numerous cultural and historic interests. This country slogan encourages the 69 visitors to come to visit Japan. Meanwhile, the presupposition trigger holds in this country slogan is definite description. 38 Kerala adopted a country slogan God’s Own Country This slogan has similar pattern with Hong Kong’s slogan 33 which contains possessive. This country slogan of Kerala presupposes that Kerala tourism is considered as one of the destinations with highest recall. Kerala attracted 8.5 million tourists’ arrivals and rise every year and it makes Kerala as one of the fastest-growing destinations for tourism in the world. Meanwhile, the presupposition trigger holds in this country slogan is definite description. 39 Korea adopted a country slogan Be Inspired The country slogan of Korea, Be Inspired, presupposes that Korea tried to tell the readers to be inspired when they visit Korea. This country slogan emphasizes the hope that the visitors from another country will gain a new inspiration by visiting Korea. Derived from what it presupposes, the presupposition trigger holds in this country slogan is implicative verb. 40 Laos adopted a country slogan Simply Beautiful The presupposition trigger holds in Laos’ slogan is definite description since the meaning of the country slogan itself is already stated that the country that is located in Asia’s continent name Laos is simply attractive. Laos offers an authentic and interesting experience and shows the attractions to the visitors. In Laos, there are friendly people, historical sites and beautiful landscapes. 70 41 Macau adopted a country slogan Where Asia Plays Even though this country slogan contains the word where which is usually used in WH-questions, the presupposition trigger holds in this slogan is not a question because this sentence is not in a form of an interrogative. The word where here means as an adverb of place. This country slogan presents the identity of Macau that in Macau there are many things that the visitors can enjoy. This country slogan also has a purpose to attract more visitors to stay longer in Macau. Meanwhile, the presupposition trigger holds in this country slogan is definite description. 42 Malaysia adopted a country slogan Truly Asia Same as the presupposition occurs in Laos ’ slogan 40, the presupposition trigger holds in Malaysia’s slogan is definite description because it is clear that the country name Malaysia belongs to the Asia’s continent and there is something about Malaysia which is unique compare to other Asian countries. 43 Maldives adopted a country slogan The Sunny Side of Life The country slogan of Maldives, The Sunny Side of Life, presupposes that Maldives has always been a unique nation. Maldives has a lot of sunlight, sand, and sea, a thousand islands, massive lagoons with various depth, and underwater coral gardens. This slogan presupposes that there is unique side in life. Meanwhile, the definite description here is being the presupposition trigger of this country slogan. 71 44 Nepal adopted a country slogan Naturally Nepal The country slogan of Nepal has similar pattern with the slogans of Laos 40 and Malaysia 42 which contain an adverb. The country slogan of Nepal presupposes that Nepal has natural scenery, high mountains, incomparable cultural heritage, and also many specialties which have made Nepal a well-known destination in the tourism world. So, the presupposition trigger holds in Nepal’s slogan is also definite description. 45 North Korea adopted a country slogan Prosperous and Great Country From the country slogan adopted by North Korea, Prosperous and Great Country, can be clearly seen that North Korea is a country which is prosperous or wealthy and great. Through this country slogan, the government of North Korea focused on developing the economy and improving the people’s livelihoods. By reading this country slogan, it can be seen that the presuppositional trigger holds in this slogan is definite description. 46 Philippines adopted a country slogan It’s More Fun in the Philippines This country slogan presupposes that the country Philippine has so much pleasure. From the slogan It’s More Fun in the Philippines, it can be seen that the word more indicates that there is a measurement which aims to show that the Philippines has more or extra fun or pleasures compare with another country. Meanwhile, the presupposition trigger holds in this country slogan is comparison and contrast. 72 47 Qatar adopted a country slogan As Independent as You Are From the country slogan of Qatar, As Independent as You Are can be seen that the words as independent as indicate that there is a comparison. This country slogan presupposes that you, the readers, are independent alike the country Qatar. Qatar combines tradition with innovative and independent spirit. This country slogan aims to show the visitors that they can live safely, relax and enjoy the things they can find in Qatar. Meanwhile, the presupposition trigger holds in this country slogan is comparison and contrast. 48 Singapore adopted a country slogan Your Singapore Same as the country slogan of Hong Kong 33 and Kerala 38, Singapore’s slogan also contains possessive. The slogan of Singapore presupposes that Singapore belongs to you the readers. The focus of this country slogan is the visitors. The experiences are made personal deriving from their allure. The visitors are able to design their own journey. Meanwhile, definite description is the presupposition trigger of this country slogan. 49 South Korea adopted a country slogan Broadly Bring Benefit to Humanity From the country slogan of South Korea, Broadly Bring Benefit to Humanity, it can be seen that South Korea has benefits and intended to bring or give benefits to people or humankind who visit South Korea. There are some benefits in Korea, such as in politics and government, South Korea is a democracy that people can vote for their government. In sciences and technologies, South Korea is a very rich country and is known for a lot of technology. And in education section, South Korea was the first country to provide high-speed 73 internet access to every primary, junior, and high school. Therefore, the presuppositonal trigger of South Korea ’s slogan is iterative. 50 Taiwan adopted a country slogan The Heart of Asia From the country slogan adopted by Taiwan, The Heart of Asia, it can be seen that geographically, the country slogan places Taiwan at the center of Asia. From this geographical position, Taiwan connects to other Asian countries and the Pacific Ocean. This country slogan presupposes that Asia has a spirit. And Taiwan is the heart or the spirit of Asia. Hence, the presuppositional trigger holds in this country slogan is definite description. 51 Thailand adopted a country slogan Amazing Thailand, Always Amazes You The country slogan of Thailand, Amazing Thailand, Always Amazes You, presupposes that Thailand is amazing. Thailand had been amazing you the visitors and will always amaze and give surprises to the people who come to Thailand. The reason why the Thailand government adopted this country slogan because of the distinctive or unique emotional appeal of the Thailand slogan, and the convincing attraction of what the slogan represents, enables Thailand to bring back the visitors to the Thailand . “Amazing Thailand” is a brief summary of what Thailand can offer the visitors . The extended slogan “Always Amazes You” supports that the visitors will discover something new and wonderful each time they visit Thailand. Meanwhile, the presupposition trigger holds in this country slogan is change of state verb. 74 52 Vietnam adopted a country slogan Timeless Charm The country slogan of Vietnam, Timeless Charm, presupposes that there exists such kind of charm or attraction which is everlasting. The word “timeless” in this country slogan means time, diversity, and longevity or long life. The tourists will need more time to discover the richness and diversity of Vietnam. Meanwhile, the term “charm” here has been attended by Vietnam tourism for such a long time and initially left good impression for visitors to Vietnam. Timeless charm brings a feeling of wide-open horizon of space and time as well as diversity. Hence, the presupposition trigger in this country slogan is definite description. The next is the analysis of presupposition triggers occurred in some countries and states in Australia’s continent. There are 6 countries and states in Australia’s continent which have slogans or taglines, namely Australia, Manly Sydney, New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, and Victoria. 53 Australia adopted a country slogan There’s Nothing like Australia The country slogan adopted by Australia, There’s Nothing like Australia, presupposes that Australia is the one and there is nothing similar to Australia. Hence, according to Karttunen 1973, because the meaning of the sentence is clearly stated, the presuppositional trigger holds in this country slogan is definite description. 75 54 Manly Sydney adopted a state slogan Seven Miles From Sydney, A Thousand Miles From Care The meaning of the state slogan of Manly Sydney above is clearly stated because the slogan of Manly Sydney presupposes that there exists a distance between Manly Sydney and Sydney. Manly Sydney is located 11 km 7 miles north-east of Sydney. Meanwhile, the presupposition trigger of this state slogan is definite description. 55 New South Wales adopted a state slogan There’s No Place Like It From the state slogan of New South Wales above, it can be clearly seen that there exists no place like it New South Wales. Meaning to say that New South Wales is the only special place. Therefore, the presupposition trigger of this state slogan is definite description. 56 Queensland adopted a state slogan Where Australia Shines Similar to the slogan of Egypt 1 and Macau 41, the slogan of Queensland also contains the word where which is usually used in WH-questions. The presupposition trigger holds in this state slogan is not a question because this slogan is not in an interrogative form. The word where here means as an adverb of place. It has been known for a long time that Queensland is where Australia shines in so many ways. The slogan of Queensland is about why the people of Queensla nd love living in Queensland. It is about adding value to people’s experiences and about discovering and sharing the magic of Queensland which only the locals can know and understand. Hence, the presupposition trigger holds 76 in this state slogan is definite description because it presupposes that there exists a place where the country Australia shines. 57 Tasmania adopted a state slogan Apple Isle The state slogan of Tasmania, Apple Isle, presupposes that Tasmania is an island of apple. Tasmania became known as the apple isle because Tasmania was one of the world’s major apple producers for many years. Now, apples are still grown in large numbers, particularly in Southern Tasmania. Meanwhile, the presupposition trigger of this state slogan is definite description. 58 Victoria adopted a state slogan Garden State The state slogan of Victoria, Garden State, presupposes that there is a garden state in Victoria. Victoria adopted a country slogan Garden State because of the rolling green hills and valleys which be the majority in this state. In Victoria, there are many parks such as Port Campbell National Park and Alpine National Park. Meanwhile, definite description is the presupposition trigger of this state slogan. Last, is the analysis of presupposition triggers occurred in some countries in Europe’s continent. There are 21 countries found in Europe’s continent which have slogans or taglines, namely Albania, Andorra, Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Montenegro, Portugal, Romania, Scotland, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, and Wales. 59 Albania adopted a country slogan A New Mediterranean Love From the country slogan of Albania, A New Mediterranean Love, it can be seen that the country slogan of Albania presupposes that there is love in Albania. 77 Albania has a rich archaeological heritage inherited from Roman, Greek, and Ottoman times, rocky mountain ranges, luxurious countryside and interesting traditions and hospitality. The beach shows miles of astonishing coastline. One of them is Dhermi, a beautiful pebble beach which has crystal-clear water which is ideal for swimming. Hence, the presuppositional trigger holds in this country slogan is definite description. 60 Andorra adopted a country slogan The Pyrenean Country By reading the slogan of Andorra, it is clearly stated that Andorra is the country of Pyrenean. Andorra is a small mountainous country which is located in south-western Europe, in the eastern Pyrenees mountains, between the borders of Spain and France. So, the presupposition trigger that holds this country slogan is definite description. 61 Austria adopted a country slogan You’ve Arrived Austria’s slogan, You’ve Arrived, presupposes that you the readers will have the memorable vacation ever. Through this slogan, Austria awaits the visitors presence to enjoy the things that Austria offers such as adventure sports, art and music. Meanwhile, the presupposition trigger holds in this country slogan is change of state verb. 62 Bulgaria adopted a country slogan Unique in Its Diversity From the country slogan which is adopted by Bulgaria, Unique in Its Diversity, it can be seen that this country slogan presupposes that there is diversity or many different things in Bulgaria. Bulgaria is definitely remarkable for its vast diversity. Bulgaria geography ranges from the Mediterranean beaches to snow- 78 capped Alpine mountain ranges. Bulgaria is also dotted by hundreds of lakes and springs. Therefore, the presupposition trigger holds in this country slogan is definite description. 63 Croatia adopted a country slogan The Mediterranean As It Once The slogan of Croatia, The Mediterranean As It Once, above presupposes that Croatia’s fate was predetermined by the geographic characteristics. Croatia covers the sunny Mediterranean, pre-Alpine mountains and the Pannonian Plains. Therefore, derived from what it presupposes, the presupposition trigger in Croatia’s slogan is iterative. 64 Cyprus adopted a country slogan In Your Heart The presupposition occurs in Cyprus’ slogan presupposes that the country Cyprus is always in your the readers’ heart. The Cyprus Tourism Organization proposed that the slogan of Cyprus “Cyprus in your heart” means that Cyprus is one of the Mediterranean island which is located at the crossroads of the three continents where there is always be a new world to discover. Having this analysis of country slogan, definite description is the presupposition trigger that holds Cyprus’ slogan. 65 Estonia adopted a country slogan Positively Transforming The phrase which plays as Estonia’s slogan, Positively Transforming, presupposes that the country Estonia is transforming or changing in a positive way. Estonia was undergoing such transitions in all aspects or areas of its life and entering the world and European community, from which it had been isolated for 79 many years. Therefore, the presupposition trigger holds in this country slogan is factive verb. 66 Greece adopted a country slogan All Time Classic This country slogan of Greece, All Time Classic, presupposes that there is classic time or moment. Greece is a kind of paradise for cultural tourism, history and art. There are some of many things that Greece can offer in tourism namely educational expedition, theatrical productions, festivals, pilgrimages and also pleasure trip to study the natural environment, folk, art and culture. From the clearness of Greece’s slogan above, the presupposition trigger that holds this slogan is definite description. 67 Hungary adopted a country slogan A Love for Life From the country slogan of a country name Hungary, A Love for Life, indicates that the country slogan above presupposes that there is a love which is intended for life. Love for life in Hungary can be seen from the activities that the visitors can do in Hungary such as sailing or sunbathing in Lake Balaton which is the largest lake in Central Europe, doing some interesting things such as hiking, cycling or horse-riding through beautiful natural scenery. Hungary is a country of love, true diversity and passion. Therefore, because the clarity of the meaning of the country slogan of Hungary, therefore the presuppositional trigger holds in this country slogan is definite description. 68 Iceland adopted a country slogan The Way Life Should Be The Iceland’s country slogan, The Way Life Should Be, presupposes that in Iceland, there is a way how to live a life. There are some reasons to go to Iceland 80 or live a life in Iceland; there are warm and wonderful people, some of best gourmet dining in the world, nightlife or a place where the visitors can have a party, music festivals, horseback riding, hiking, mountain hiking and rafting, shopping, and Iceland is the cleanest country in the world. Therefore, the presupposition holds in this country slogan is implicative verb. 69 Ireland adopted a country slogan The Islands of Memories The country slogan of Ireland, The Islands of Memories, presupposes that there exist many things to remember in Ireland. The islands of Ireland’s offer insights into many areas of heritage. Meanwhile, the presupposition trigger holds in this country slogan is definite description. 70 Italy adopted a country slogan Italy Leaves Its Mark From the country slogan of Italy, Italy Leaves Its Mark, it can be seen that this country slogan presupposes that Italy leaves something. When people visit Italy and then leave, there are memories about Italy left in people’s heart. Therefore, the presuppositional trigger holds in this country slogan is factive verb. 71 Latvia adopted a country slogan Best Enjoyed Slowly The country slogan of Latvia Best Enjoyed Slowly, presupposes that there are many ways to enjoy something. The word best here indicates the comparisons and contrasts of enjoying something. The country slogan above presupposes that the way of enjoying something slowly is the best way. This country slogan invites the visitors to slow down their pace of life, to stop for a while and enjoy the recreation slowly and think about the important thing of life. The slogan best 81 enjoyed slowly persuades the visitors to stay longer and enjoy the things they can find in Latvia, which the realization requires time and peace. The values of this country slogan are described with honesty, profoundness, lightness, and self- respect which lied in the nature and culture of Latvia. Meanwhile, the presupposition trigger holds in this country slogan is comparison and contrast. 72 Montenegro adopted a country slogan Wild Beauty By reading the country slogan of Montenegro, Wild Beauty, can be seen that the country slogan above presupposes that in Montenegro there are never- ending mountain chains, frighteningly deep canyons and nerve-breaking roads. There is no place like Montenegro and there are many things to do in Montenegro such as wake up along the beautiful Adriatic coast, have lunch on the banks of Skadar Lake, and enjoy the evening walks in the Montenegrin Mountains. Montenegro also has many other characteristics such as history, culture, tradition, clean air, and many more. Hence, because the meaning of the country slogan is clearly seen by reading it, the presuppositional trigger holds this country slogan is definite description. 73 Portugal adopted a country slogan Europe’s West Coast From the country slogan adopted by Portugal, Europe’s West Coast, it can be seen that the country slogan presupposes that there is a coast in Europe and the coast is located in west. Because of its geographical position on Europe’s west coast, Portugal is a country which turned towards the Atlantic Ocean. Portugal is an international and hospitable country with stable climate all year round. Hence, the presuppositional trigger holds in this country slogan is definite description. 82 74 Romania adopted a country slogan Land of Choice It is clearly stated that the country slogan of Romania, Land of Choice, presupposes that there are many choices or different things which Romania offers. The visitors of Romania can choose what they want to do in Romania. Then, it can be seen that the presupposition trigger holds this country slogan is definite description. 75 Scotland adopted a country slogan Visit Scotland From the country slogan of Scotland, it can be seen that the country slogan above presupposes that the readers of this slogan are expected to visit Scotland and enjoyed the adventures that Scotland offers. Hence, the presupposition trigger holds in this slogan is implicative verb. 76 Slovenia adopted a country slogan I Feel Love From the country slogan adopted by Slovenia, I Feel Love, it can be seen that I in this slogan means someone that have been visiting Slovenia and he or she is in love with Slovenia. Slovenia is a diverse country consisting of a small area with pure nature, various cultures, rich history, and enviable quality of life. The word love is nestled in the country’s name, Slovenia. There are so many things to love in Slovenia. The slogan of Slovenia summarizes the main elements of the country’s identity, expresses the vision of the country and also conveys symbolic promise. Therefore, the presupposition trigger holds in this country slogan is factive verb. 83 77 Spain adopted a country slogan Everything Under the Sun The country slogan of Spain “Everything Under the Sun” above presupposes that Spain is one of the countries in this world that has been given the privilege of having everything for everyone. Spain has everything, from beautiful beaches to energetic dances and a rich history. Spain has a great combination of attractions and heritage. The reason why everything under the sun is because sun is a symbol of Spain created by Joan Miro. Because of the clarity of the meaning in this country slogan, definite description holds as its presupposition trigger. 78 Switzerland adopted a country slogan Get Natural The slogan of Switzerland, Get Natural, presupposes that the readers of this country slogan are expected to feel the nature when they are in Switzerland. The slogan “get natural” represents the unspoiled nature and magnificent mountains, genuine people and thrilling adventures and all endless holiday possibilities. So, the presupposition trigger holds in this country slogan is implicative verb. 79 Wales adopted a country slogan Big Country From the country slogan of Wales, Big Country, it can be clearly seen that this country slogan presupposes that Wales is big. The fact is that the area of Wales is 20.780 km 2 8023 m 2 and the population of Wales is 3.063.758. So, definite description is the presupposition trigger that holds this country slogan. Having analyzed the presupposition triggers hold in presuppositions occurred in 79 countries’ and states’ slogans, it can be seen that the presuppositions occurred in countries’ and states’ slogans were mostly triggered 84 by one kind of presupposition triggers namely definite descriptions. Most of the countries’ and states’ slogans were triggered by definite descriptions because those country slogans or taglines presuppose the existence of something and those country slogans already convey meaning. By analyzing the kinds of presuppositional triggers that trigger the countries’ and states’ slogans, it is easier for the researcher to categorize the presuppositions into their types.

B. What Types of Presuppositions that Occur in Countries’ and States’