14 Furthermore, metonymy has several meanings: “1 reflecting the authorities and
the high official, 2 reflecting the whole part relationship, 3 referring to the unknown agentsactors for the events, and 4 representing the local concrete
bodies and the institutions” Mahmood, Obaid, Shakir, 2014, p. 214.
b. Irony
Irony is figurative language which creates the opposite meaning of the literal meaning Jay, 2003. Based on Dews et al’s opinion as cited in Jay, 2003,
p. 331, the readers have to change a new meaning for the literal meaning if they deal with irony. Besides, irony can result the information about the writer’s
emotions, attitudes, and feelings. Alireza and Samuel 2012 also note that irony is a figurative language which states the opposite of an intended meaning in order
to mock a person or a situation.
c. Teasing
Jay 2003 claims that teasing is a playful provocation in which one person points out something related to the victim. Furthermore, “teasing, as a
conventionalized form of figurative language, frequently has as its implicit or explicit goal a negative impact on the victim’s emotional well-being” Jay, 2003,
p. 338. It means that teasing is a figurative language purposed to influence the person’s emotion implicitly or explicitly. Additionally, Alberts, Kellar-Guenther,
and Corman note that teasing has the limited range features, namely things said, appearance, romance or sex, ability, and identity as cited in Jay, 2003, p. 337.
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d. Hyperbole
A figurative language which refers to the exaggeration of the objects is defined as hyperbole Jay, 2003. The purpose of hyperbole is to make an
emotional statement. Furthermore, Roberts and Kreuz as cited in Jay, 2003, p. 339 state that “the major reasons for using hyperbole are to be humorous, to
emphasize something or to be clearer”. Mahmood, Obaid, and Shakir 2014, p. 215 also support Jay’s statement by stating that “Hyperbole is figurative
language which is used for excessive exaggeration to create a rhetorical effect. It is used to create humor and sensational effect to make idea more manipulative
hence exploiting the reader”.
e. Idiomatic Expressions
Idioms are the expressions which have the figurative meanings and they cannot be interpreted from the literal meaning of the phrase Jay, 2003.
Furthermore, Gibbs, Nayak, Bolton, and Kepel as cited in Jay, 2003, p. 340 explain that “Decomposable idioms could be changed at the lexical level without
disrupting the figurative meaning. Then, lexical substitutions in nondecomposable idioms cannot do the condition without disrupting figurative meaning”. It means
that decomposable idioms are able to be altered at the level of words without disrupting the figurative meaning whereas the nondecomposable idioms have to
do the condition of word substitutions with disrupting figurative language. According to Hamblin and Gibbs as cited in Jay, 2003, p. 341, the
meanings of nondecomposable idioms are controlled by the meaning of the main verbs of the idioms. It means that the main verb of the nondecomposable idioms
