strategies in the novel. However, since this research is limited by time and resources and the researcher is only interested in the politeness strategy used by
the main character in the court in To Kill A Mockingbird novel with focus on the types of the politeness strategies and how they are used.
C. Formulation of the Problem
Based on the background of the research and research focus, the writer formulates the problems as follows:
1. What politeness strategies are used by the main character in Lee‟s To Kill A
Mockingbird ? 2.
How are the politeness strategies realized in the utterances that used by the main character in court in
Lee‟s To Kill A Mockingbird ?
D. Objectives of the Research
In relation to the research problems, the objectives of the research are: 1.
to find out the politeness strategies used by the main character in Lee‟s To Kill A Mockingbird , and
2. to describe how the politeness strategies are used by the main character in the
court in Lee‟s To Kill A Mockingbird .
E. Significance of the Research
The writer expects that this research gives some advantages both theoretically and practically.
1. Theoretically, the study enriches the research in a pragmatic study, especially
politeness strategies. 2.
Practically, the research findings are useful for : a.
The readers of this research It is expected that this research can be used as a reference in linguistics
studies, particularly in politeness strategies and how politeness strategies are used by the main character in
Lee‟s To Kill A Mockingbird. b.
The students of English Department It is hoped that this research is expected to give some contributions to the
field of pragmatic study. c. Other Researchers
It is expected that this research can be a valuable starting point for other researchers to conduct further study on similar topic with other subjects or
as a preliminary idea to spark other research topics.
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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
A. Literature Review
This part contains several theories needed in the analysis. Those theories are about pragmatics, politeness strategies, politeness in court, the novel To Kill A
Mockingbird, and previous study.
1. Pragmatics
Leech 1983: 6 states that pragmatics is the study of meanings in relation to speech situation. Leech 1983:36 also states that pragmatics involves problem
solving both from the speaker‟s point of view and from the hearer‟s point of view. The problem of speaker‟s point of view is how to produce an utterance that
delivers message to the hearer and perfectly understood. Levinson 1983: 5 defines that pragmatics is the study of language use, that is, the study of relation
between language and context. The relation is basic to an account of language understanding which involves the making of inferences which will connect what
is said to what is mutually assumed or what has been said before. Pragmatics can also solve the problem between the speaker and the hearer, especially the problem
about point of view. Context is one of the factors that give an effect to people how they use the
language. According to Asher 1994: 731 context is one of those linguistic terms which are constantly used in all kinds of discourses but never explained because
context is only relevant in the social situation by the participants themselves. It
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has the relationship with meaning and therefore, context is important in pragmatics. Finnegan et al. 1997: 345 state that the essential element in the
interpretation of an utterance is the context in which it is uttered. The context can influence the speaker on how to use the language. Yule 1996: 21 states that
context simply means the physical environment in which a word is used. The importance of taking of context into account is also well expressed by Hymes in
Brown and Yule, 1983: 37 who views the role of the context in interpretation as, on the one hand, limiting the range of possible interpretation and, on the other
hand, as supporting the intended interpretation. Therefore, by paying attention carefully to the meaning in context or the context of speaking in conversation,
someone will be able to express meaningful utterances and interpret utterances correctly. It is one of the ways to being polite in order to make someone else
more comfortable and respected Politeness In this part, the writer discusses four things concerning with politeness.
They are definition of politeness, positive and negative face, face threatening acts, and politeness strategies. Politeness refers to behavior which
actively expresses positive concern for others, as well as non-imposing distancing behavior. In other words, politeness may take the form of an
expression of good-will or „camaraderie‟ Holmes, 1996: 5. Meanwhile, Brown
and Levinson 1987: 60 states that politeness is related to the psychological state, something that is emotionally invested and that can be lost, maintained,
or enhanced, and must be constantly attended to in interaction. In addition, Leech
‟s view of politeness involves a set of politeness maxims analogous
