Previous Study Literature Review

allocation of the next turn to the other participants is called turn-allocation mechanism. It deals with an optional situation for the current speaker to select the next speaker. There are two techniques of selecting the next speaker; those are the recent speaker selects the next speaker or the next speaker can do self-select. In addition, a speaker may choose the next speaker by himself or herself or self-select through the use of adjacency pairs. Adjacency pairs are adjacent utterances performed by different speakers. They consist of two turns which come orderly. It means that some kinds of utterance are intended to precede the next action, while the other kind of utterance is intended to accomplish the preceded action. Those kinds of utterance which precede the action are called first pair parts FPP. Meanwhile, the other kinds of utterance which follow the preceded utterance are called second pair parts SPP. The FPP of adjacency pairs are arranged by a particular expected response which needs to be presented as the SPP. However, not all social actions are structurally equal in the SPP. Some SPPs are preferable rather than other SPPs. This concept is known as preference organization. The preference organization divides the SPPs into two kinds, namely preferred and dispreferred social act. The preferred social act is described as an expected response performed in the next act, while the dispreferred social act is an unexpected response performed in the next act. For example, an acceptance and agreement are preferred social acts while a refusal and disagreement are dispreferred social acts. There are several types of dispreferred social act classified by Levinson 1983. They are 1 request-refusal, 2 offer-refusal, 3 invitation-refusal, 4 assessment-disagreement, 5 question- no answer an unexpected answer, and 6 blame-admission. In performing the dispreferred social acts, a speaker needs a strategy and more efforts to perform it since it is related to face threatening act or the concept of politeness. Therefore, dispreferred social acts tend to be carried out in marked forms. There are several ways of people in performing dispreferred social acts. Yule 1996 presents general patterns and examples how to do a dispreferred response by 1 delaying hesitating pause, er, em, ah, 2 prefacing well, oh, 3 expressing doubt I am not sure, I don„t know, 4 using token yes that„s great, I„d love to, 5 apologizing I„m sorry, what a pity, 6 mentioning an obligation I must do X, I„m expected in Y, 7 appealing for understanding you see, you know, 8 making a non-personal reason everybody else, out there, 9 giving an account too much work, no time left, 10 using mitigators really, mostly, sort of, kinda, and 11 hedging the negative I guess not, not possible. In conversation, both the speaker and hearer need to understand the utterances properly in establishing interaction. Therefore, it is important to seek to functions of conversation in order to understand the meanings of utterance clearly. The meaning of conversation can be interpreted from contexts of conversation to interpret speaker‟s actions. In addition, the participants, their social relationship, the situation surrounds the interaction, the topics and the purposes of interaction influence the structures of conversation. Thus, it can be concluded that the contexts and functions of utterance make the participants understand the meaning of conversation clearly. Finally, it is worth to explore the functions or purposes of the utterances in conversation analysis.