E. The Technique of Data Analysis
The technique of data analysis employed in this study was content analysis. Given 2008: 120 defines content analysis as a logical process of
classifying qualitative data into a group of similar or conceptual classification to analyze reliable patterns and connection between variables or themes. This
technique is used to reduce the data and interpret the meaning of them. According to Vanderstoep and Johnston 2009: 190, data analysis should
be conducted after the initial data are collected and the initial analysis should verify the focus and the method used in following data collection.
Thus, after the data were collected, they were categorized and analyzed. In analyzing the data,
several steps were taken: 1.
Each datum classified in the data sheet was described and analyzed by referring to the theories which had been presented in literature review.
2. The data were re-analyzed until data saturation were reached.
3. Conclusions were drawn without making generalization.
F. Data Trustworthiness
Given 2008: 896 notes that transferability, credibility, dependability and confirmability are ways in qualitative research used to gain trustworthiness of
research findings. The transferability refers to the requirement in qualitative research in which the findings can be applied in broader context. Then, credibility
refers to a way of a researcher ensures the accuracy represented in the data. The next level is dependability which means that same procedures and research
instruments can be applied in a similar condition. The last level is confirmability;
which refers to a requirement to make sure that the interpretations and findings are relevant to the data. In this research, the researcher used credibility to gain the
trustworthiness of research.
This research used triangulation to achieve validity or credibility of the data. As explained by Given 2008: 892, triangulation is considered as a
technique to enhance the validity and reinforce the credibility of research findings. He presents three triangulation methods; those are investigator triangulation,
theory triangulation, and triangulation of data sources. Investigator triangulation is a way to achieve trustworthiness by involving more than one investigator in
gathering and investigating the data. Theory triangulation is a way to check research findings by applying different theoretical perspectives. The last is
triangulation of data sources; that is presenting the evidences from various data sources.
Therefore, to reach credible interpretations, the data of the research were triangulated by referring to relevant theories and asking to other observers to
verify and discuss the data and findings. The data findings of this research were triangulated by three linguistics students. Finally, the results of the triangulated
data findings were discussed with the researcher’s two supervisors.
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