In the example, Emma asks Benny to talk. Since Benny is very busy, he performs a refusal as his dispreferred response. To make the refusal soften and less
threatening, he uses a m itigator “kinda”. It means that he wants to make the refusal
sounds less challenging as a form of politeness strategy.
11 Hedging the Negative
Yule 1996: 130 says that hedges are „cautious‟ markers which express
the way the speakers carry out an utterance or information. In dispreferred social act,
hedges such as “I guess not” and “not possible”, are usually used to indicate the
accuracy of a statement. For example:
Anna : So would you able to go? Ben
: Well, I guess I am not coming. I have a meeting with the guy
who‟s giving us the money from the computer. Anna asks Ben for confirmation whether he will come or not. Since he has
to attend a meeting, he gives her a dispreferred answer that he would not be able to come. He uses hed
ges “I guess” to indicate that what he says may not be totally accurate.
c The Functions of Dispreferred Social Acts
Van Djik in Warrant, 2006: 55 states that conversation means action and interaction performed by the participants in which their understanding is a basic
requirement. It means that both the speaker and hearer need to understand all utterances properly to build the interaction. Pridham 2001: 5 adds that it is
important to seek the functions or purposes of conversation in order to understand the meaning of utterances clearly. Therefore, it is worth to explore the functions
or purposes of the utterance in conversation.
Holtgraves 2002: 183 explains further that the meaning of conversation is gained from the contexts of conversation. In other words, the contexts of
conversation are required to interpret speaker‟s actions. Furthermore, Pridham 2001: 34 notes that the participants, their relationship, the situation surrounds
the interaction, the topic and the purposes of interaction affect the structures of conversation. Thus, it can be concluded that the context and functions of
utterances help the participants to gain the meaning of conversation. In relation to the discussion of preference organization, a speaker generally
performs a dispreferred social act indirectly and by using more complex structures. As explained by Tanaka 2004: 17, a reason why a dispreferred social
act is performed in more complex structures can be discussed in terms of „face‟ or
politeness strategy. For example, in performing a rejection, speakers generally take more efforts to reduce or evade the treat. It can be recognized as a politeness
strategy in order to avoid or minimize the effect of dispreferred social acts.
5. Jumping the Broom Movie
Figure 1. DVD Cover of Jumping the Broom Poster Jumping the Broom is a romantic comedy movie directed by Salim Akil in
2011. The title of this movie is derived from an African and Americans ‟ wedding
tradition in which a groom and his bride have to jump the broom at the end of their wedding ceremony. Warrant 2008: 254 explains that jumping the broom is
done as a symbol of couples‟ love and vow as they start a new beginning of their
marriage life as a husband and wife. Anyiam 2007: 1 notes that this tradition is he
ld to celebrate the African and Americans‟ traditions and give a tribute to their ancestors and culture
s during Africans‟ slavery in North America. This movie tells about Jason Taylor and Sabrina Watson‟s love struggles
since their family come from different classes of society. Jason is a man whose mother is a working class in a downtown Brooklyn, whereas Sabrina is the only
daughter of an upper class family who lives in uptown Martha‟s Vineyard, an elite estate. In a weekend, both of the families meet for the first time on the first day of
Jason and Sabrina‟s wedding. Unfortunately, Sabrina and Jason‟s mother cannot get along easily. They often have arguments and insult each other. In their
children‟s wedding rehearsal dinner, they argue about their cultures which lead to more complicated family conflicts. A worse situation occurs when Mrs. Taylor
reveals Watson‟s secret that Sabrina is their adopted children. At first, Sabrina
decides to cancel the wedding and run from her house. However, love brings Sabrina back to Jason and finally they get married and everybody feels very
happy. Jumping the Broom is an entertaining and interesting movie to be
watched. Besides the romance and comedy, this movie also portrays cultures and social rules of African-American people in interesting ways. Furthermore, this
movie gives some positive moral values such as everybody has to respect the other cultures.
6. Previous Study
In this research, the researcher presents the previous studies which have been conducted in the same study on preference organization. The first research is
conducted by Des Maria Dewi Mayasari, a student of Yogyakarta State University. She conducts a rese
arch entitled “An Analysis of Adjacency Pairs of the Main Character‟s Utterances in the Script of A Few Good Men”. In her
research, she analyzes the types of adjacency pairs, the types of dispreferred second turns and the reasons for the emergence of dispreferred second turns
performed by the main character‟s utterances in the Script of A Few Good Men. In her findings, she identifies twenty-seven types of adjacency pairs, nineteen types
of dispreferred second turns and twelve reasons that emerge the emergence of dispreferred second turns. She concludes that preference structure cannot be
identified merely by its linguistic structures. It is the speaker‟s meaning and communication contexts that play important roles in the preference organization
of adjacency pairs. The second research is conducted by Ryang Adisty Farahsita, a student
of Yogyakarta State University. She conducts a research entitled “A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Adjacency Pairs in the Classroom Scenes of Freedom
Writers the Movie. The objectives of her research are to identify the types of dispreferred social acts of adjacency pairs, the ways of doing dispreferred social
acts, and the social factors influencing the emergence of the dispreferred social acts that emerge in the second part of adjacency pairs found in the classroom
scenes of Freedom Writers. In her findings, she observes that there are seven types of adjacency pairs containing dispreferred second turns found in the
classroom scenes of the movie Freedom Writers and there are nine ways of doing dispreferred second turns of adjacency pairs found in the classroom scenes of
Freedom Writers. In addition, she also identifies that there are four social factors that influence the occurrences of the dispreferred social acts that emerge in the
second part of adjacency pairs found in the classroom scenes of Freedom Writers the movie. Those are the contexts of the interaction, the topics, the participants
and the functions of speaking. In this research, the researcher analyzes the types of dispreferred social
acts, the realizations of dispreferred social acts, and the functions of dispreferred
social acts performed by the characters in Jumping the Broom movie. However, this research is a bit different from both previous studies which have been
presented. The difference is derived from the perspective to analyze the objectives. In the previous studies that have been presented, both researchers use
sociolinguistic approach in analyzing the research. On the other hand, in this research, the researcher uses conversational analysis as the approach of the
analysis since it deals with conversation as a social action in which it is interpreted through the context of interaction. In the previous study, the first
researcher analyzes all types of the preferred and dispreferred second turn, whereas this research has limitation and only focuses on the analysis of the
dispreferred social acts.
B. Conceptual Framework
Conversation analysis CA is a study of language as a branch of ethno- methodology in sociology. It is also known as a study of interaction in
conversation. It focuses on examining the structures and organizations of social interaction in natural situation. It means that conversation analysis observes
everyday life conversation as the focus of the analysis. In addition, it also deals with the sequences of actions or recurrent patterns of actions. Then, these
sequences of actions build the contribution of the participants in the interaction. Then, the contribution of the participant in conversation is called turn taking.
Turn taking is considered as a way of speakers take turn in an interaction. In turn taking mechanism, the speakers cooperate to control the turn and allocate
the opportunities to the next participant to contribute in the interaction. The
