22 d. Cognates
Students learn about cognates by learning spelling and they also memorize words which seem cognates but the meaning in target language is different from
the meaning in native language. e. Deductive Application
Grammar rules are offered by giving examples. If students understand the rule, they are asked to apply the rule to different examples.
f. The Use of Fill-in-the-Blanks Students are asked to fill the missing words in the blanks with new
vocabulary or a particular grammar type such as verb or preposition. g. Memorization
Students have to memorize lists of target language words and their equivalences in native language.
h. The Use of Words in Sentences Students make sentences and they should use new vocabulary. New
vocabulary is beneficial to be introduced in this technique. i. Composition
Students are asked to write a certain topic in the target language. They should compose writing in another language.
B. Theoretical Framework
Theoretical framework discusses theories which are applied to answer the research questions. A study should involve accurate reference as the foundation or
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23 basic theory in order to be authentic. The researcher uses the perception theory to
answer the first research question. The processes of perception are selecting, organizing and interpreting. Perception here is the students’ views of the use of
translation exercises in learning passive voice. Therefore, students will select, organize and then interpret the use of translation exercises based on their own
experiences in learning passive voice. However, there are some factors which should be considered because in this study those factors influence the students’
perception. Those factors are perceiver, target and situation. Suggestion means to guide the mind, feeling or behavior of another
person. Suggestion is also connected to effect of the mind. In this study, suggestion refers to the influence of the students’ mind on the use of translation
exercises. Students should give suggestions on the use of translation exercises in learning passive voice. They suggest about the use of translation exercises related
to their ideas and experiences. This suggestion theory helps researcher find out the answer to the second research question.
To conduct this research, understanding about what the important things in this study is very significant. Thus, this study is also related to passive voice,
translation exercises and grammar translation method. Those theories are beneficial in preparing material and conducting the research. Theory of passive
voice and translation are needed in providing and applying translation exercises. The researcher should master passive voice, regular and irregular verbs.
To prepare the exercises, passive voice theory is necessary. Using theory of passive voice, the exercises are arranged. The researcher considers about the
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24 passive voice pattern and even regular or irregular verbs. For example, the pattern
of simple present in passive is subject + be + past participle and the verb should be considered to be either regular or irregular verb. Those can be helpful for the
researcher in conducting this study. Besides, how students master passive voice can help them answer the question about students’ perception on the use of
translation exercises to learn passive voice. Passive voice is given in the form of translation exercises, besides explanation.
In addition, translation theory is also required. Bell 1991: 5 says that translation is the expression in another language. The theory of translation helps
the researcher understand the general principle of translation such as meaning, form, register, source language influence, style and clarity, and idiom. Thus, the
problem in preparing exercises can be solved because the basis of translation has been known. Translation theory can also facilitate the researcher in correcting the
exercises. Moreover, according Duff 1992: 6, translation can be applied in the classroom because there are some reasons, such as influence of the mother tongue,
naturalness of the activity, the skill aspect, and the reality of language. In this study, the students are expected to give their perception and suggestions on the
use of translation exercises in learning passive voice. On the other hand, grammar translation method is the old method that can
still be applied to learn other languages. In this study, grammar translation method can support in the application of translation exercises because it can be said that
translation exercise is a part of grammar translation method. Grammar translation method includes both grammar and translation and in this study, passive voice can
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25 represent grammar since passive voice is included as one of grammar materials.
There are some techniques in grammar translation method that are connected to this study, for example, translation of a literary passage, deductive application,
using words in sentence, antonyms or synonyms, and composition. It can be said that the use of translation exercises can be included as one of some techniques in
the grammar translation method. However, the focus of this study is on using translation exercises, not on grammar translation method.
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26
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
This chapter provides the methodology which was used to solve the research problems in Chapter I. The discussion in this chapter includes research
method, research participants, research instruments, data gathering technique, data analysis technique, and research procedure.
A. Research Method
In this study, the researcher employed survey research as the methodology. “Survey research is research for measuring attitudes, opinion or achievements of
any number of variables in natural setting” Wiersma, 1995: 169. Besides, Borg and Gall 1983: 403 explain that survey is often used simply in gaining
information, such as the percentage but it can also be applied to investigate the connection between different variables. It can be said that survey is used to gain or
describe the point of view or perception, attitudes, even characteristics of an individual based on their own experiences.
A questionnaire and interview are two examples of instruments in survey research. Thus, the researcher used both instruments of survey. Both of those
instruments were used to answer the research questions about the students’ perception and suggestions on the use of translation exercises to learn passive
voice.
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