14 c. Situation
Situation has an effect on perception. Factors that include in the situation are time, work setting and social setting. Although the perceiver or target does not
change but the situation is different, it can influence someone’s perception. In other words, environment has a role in influencing perception and then it will
affect individual behavior.
2. Suggestion
Suggestion means an idea which is mentioned to think about and it can be a reason to assume that something is right Hornby, 2002: 1353. Thus,
individual’s suggestion is based on his or her thought of something. Besides, Procter 1996: 1457 describes suggestion as an idea or action which should be
considered by other people. It can be said that suggestion might be an idea for another person. Suggestion can affect mind, feeling and attitude or behavior of
other people because other people may be influenced by the suggestion which is given to them. According to Brown 1928 as cited in Langdon-Down 2009,
suggestion is used to show a general influence on the mind, other than that logical argument. For example, students are influenced logically when they are taught to
learn passive voice step by step, but they can be influenced illogically by attitude towards the teacher, by their opinions on life or by situation or condition around.
Langdon-Down 2009 considers illogical influence as an influence by suggestion. However, a person may be influenced without recognizing that he or she is
being influenced because suggestion is also connected to the experiences. An experience recommends the memory of another experience. If an individual had a
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15 bad previous experience which is repeated, it will be brought back to the mind.
Thus, suggestion can be considered based on the experiences. In this study, suggestion refers to students’ ideas of using translation
exercises to learn passive voice. The suggestions will be helpful in improving the technique of using translation. The suggestions of the students on the use of
translation exercises are beneficial to solve the research problem because those suggestions can answer the second research question.
3. Passive Voice
Passive voice is a part of the grammar materials. According to McKean 2003: 1090, passive voice means selecting the voice in which the subject
undergoes the verb action. Besides, Soukhanov 1996: 1324 explains passive voice as a verb form or voice which is used to indicate that the grammatical
subject is the object of the action. Thus, subject who acts in a sentence will be an object in passive voice. According to Azar 1992: 276, in passive voice, the
object of active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb and only transitive verbs are used. Transitive means verbs which are followed by object.
In the simple way, the pattern of passive voice is be + V3. It means the subject could be followed by be auxiliary or modal auxiliary which is added with
be , and then followed by past participle. There are some forms of passive voice.
Those forms are: a.
Subject +amisare+V3 → simple present
b. Subject +amisare+being+V3
→ present progressive c.
Subject +hashave+been+V3 → present perfect
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16 d.
Subject +waswere+V3 → simple past
e. Subject +waswere+being+V3
→ past progressive f.
Subject +had+been+V3 → past perfect
g. Subject +will+be+V3
→ simple future h.
Subject +amisare going to be+V3 → be going to
i. Subject + will+have+been+V3 is very rarely used
→ future perfect j.
Subject + willwouldcancouldmusthad toshallshouldmaymightought to+be+V3
→ passive voice of modals The passive voice uses past participle, so there are irregular verbs and
regular verbs . Regular verbs just need additional –ed or –d such as studied, loved,
expected or helped. However, it needs memorizing for irregular verbs because irregular verbs
are more complex and complicated than regular verbs. In summary, these figures which were created by Hansard 2004 can
facilitate learners to reach better understanding of passive voice.
passive-simple past,-irregular passive-simple
future
passive-present perfect
Subject performing action has been omitted.
passive-simple present
Figure 2.1 Passive Voice Hansard, 2004: 1
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17
active-simple past,-irregular active-simple
future active-present perfect
active-simple present
Figure 2.2 Active Voice Hansard, 2004: 2
Passive voice is often used in formal writing such as report or essay. Although the construction of the sentence is different from active voice, both
passive and active have similar meaning. Passive voice does not change the purpose of the sentence. Related to Figure 2.1 and Figure 2.2, they have the same
idea. [1] “The boy was bitten by the dog”
[2] “The dog bit the boy” Two sentences above show that it was the dog which bit the boy and the boy was
the victim because he was bitten. The first sentence and the second sentence do not describe that it was the boy who did bite.
[3] “Research will be presented by Pooja at the conference” [4] “Pooja will present her research at the conference”
Both of those sentences mean that it is Pooja who will present the research. The difference of those sentences is in the structure of the words because sentence [3]
is passive voice that uses object “research” as the subject of the sentence. In
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18 sentence [4], the object is “research” and “Pooja” is a subject who acts or will do
something. However, the aim of those sentences is the same. [5] “Experiments have been conducted to test the hypothesis”
[6] “Scientists have conducted experiments to test the hypothesis” In sentence [5], the agent with “by” can be omitted because the subject in an
active form is a vague pronoun or noun. In that case, “scientists” tends to be a vague noun so it is not expressed.
4. Translation
