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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter reviews important studies to support the present research. The aim of this chapter is to give the basic principles of the formulated problems. This
chapter consists of two main parts, theoretical description and theoretical framework. Theoretical description gives explanation of underlying theories
related to the use of code switching in English language teaching. In addition, theoretical framework discusses the theories that have been employed.
A. Theoretical Description
In this section, some theories are elaborated. The theories that are elaborated are bilingualism and multilingualism, and the theory of code switching.
The elaborations of each theory are presented below.
1. Bilingualism and Multilingualism
The theories of bilingualism and multingualism become important since these are the backgrounds of code switching phenomenon. Living in a
multicultural society deals with different cultures and languages. People who live
in a multicultural society often use code switching to signal two different identities at once. For this reason, the researcher provides several explanations
about bilingualism and multilingualism. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Most people as speakers usually occupy more than one language and require a selected language whenever they choose to speak with others. The
phenomenon of people having more than one code language is called bilingualism or multilingualism Wardhaugh, 1986.
Bilingualism exists in almost all countries in the world, in all different classes of society and in all age groups Grosjean, 1982. The term bilingualism
has relative meaning since the definitions of bilingualism are almost as many as the researchers who have studied bilingualism. In the popular view, bilingualism
was defined as “native-like control of two or more languages” Bloomfield, 1933. It means that a person should be able to use two or more languages as well
as a native speaker. In contrast, a bilingual is anyone who possesses a minimal
competence in only one of the four language skills, listening comprehension, speaking, reading, and writing, in a language other than his mother tongue
Macnamara in Hamers Blanc, 2000. For example, an Indonesian who knows Hiragana a Japanese syllabary without being able to understand or write is a
bilingual. The bilinguals mostly have their own dominant language. The dominant
language is the language that tends to be the strongest. This language is not always the first or native language of the bilingual Byram, 2000. However, a
bilingual can also be fluent in both languages without being able to function as a monolingual in either of their languages Romaine, 1995. On the other hand,
balanced bilinguals, those who are equally fluent in both languages, are probably the exception and not the norm Grosjean, 1982. There is a reason why many
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bilinguals do not become fluent in both their languages since it depends on the level of fluency that a bilingual needs to be able to communicate. Some people
become equally fluent in both languages, while others do not since in their lives they just need to be really fluent in one language. It can also be that a bilingual
does not continue to study one of the languages but still can use it in oral conversation Grosjean, 1982. However, people are still called bilingual, since
most of the once that are bilingual regularly use both languages, even if they do not have native-like competence in both languages Byram, 2000.
Multilingualism is a powerful fact of life around the world, a circumstance arising at the simplest level, from the need to communicate across speech
communities Edwards, 1994. The definition of multilingualism is about the practice of using more than one language, to varying degrees of proficiency,
among individuals and societies. It includes individuals who use one language at home and others outside the house. It also includes people who can function much
better in one language but who can still communicate in another language or other languages. It also refers to societies and nation-states that use more than one
language in a variety of situations to varying degrees. Basically, multilingualism is the use of two or more languages in any
given situations, either by an individual speaker or by a community of speakers. In multilingual communities, children generally learn their ethnic language first,
and later add other languages for purposes, such as education, business, or for communication with a wider range of people. For example: Javanese can speak
Indonesian as their mother tongue, Indonesian as their national language, and PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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English as their foreign language, even some people can speak Japanese, Spanish, Dutch, etc. In short, bilingualism means two languages are used by someone
alternately to communicate with others, while multilingualism refers to the ability of people who use more than two languages.
Many bilinguals and multilinguals were having difficulties with their languages. Sometimes, they often move from one language to another within a
single utterance. It is called by code switching. The explanation of code switching will be presented in the next part.
2. Code Switching
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