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Abbreviation: IR : Inter-sentential switching
IA : Intra-sentential switching TS : Tag switching
TV : Translating Unknown Vocabulary Items EG : Explaining Grammar
MC : Managing Class EP : Emphasizing Some Points
IS : Indexing a Stance of Empathy or Solidarity Towards Students QO: Facilitating Students’ Understanding by Quoting Others’ Words
b. Recordings
The researcher also used recordings as the instrument of this research. The recordings refer to the audio recordings during the English teaching and learning
process in the classrooms which contained code switching cases. Then, the recordings were used to collect the data about the types and functions of code
switching occurred in the classrooms. The recordings were analyzed by using the theories that have been employed. To ease the data analysis, the researcher used
the same format of the observation checklist. The observation checklist later helped the researcher to complete and strengthen the data observation.
2. Data Gathering Technique
In gathering the research data, the researcher used observation as data collection method. According to Ary, Jacobs, and Sorensen 2010, observation is
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a basic method for obtaining data in qualitative research. Moreover, the goal of qualitative observation is to understand complex interactions in natural settings.
In this study, the researcher would employ techniques of direct observation and indirect observation. Direct observation means the researcher was physically
present in the field to observe the situation or phenomenon that occurred there. By doing so, the researcher could understand the characteristics of the setting, the
phenomenon, and also the subject of the research. Meanwhile, indirect observation refers to an activity that was not done in the research setting that has
been determined by the researcher. The researcher would use audio recordings from English teaching and learning process in the eighth grade classrooms.
There were several steps conducted in gathering the data. First, the researcher conducted direct observations. The researcher observed the English
teaching and learning process of the eighth grade students of SMP N 2 Mlati in all classes. This step was used in order to get the data about the types and the
functions of code switching used by the English teacher. The researcher provided observation checklists as the instrument that consists of column of code switching
cases, the types, and the functions of code switching. While observing the teaching and learning process, the researcher also recorded it.
Second, the researcher conducted indirect observation in order to get more complete data. The researcher listened to the audio recordings and filled the
observation checklist. The result of direct observation was crosschecked with the result of indirect observation. Some points which were missed from direct
observation were added by indirect observation and vice versa. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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E. Data Analysis Techniques
Data analysis is the process in which the data were analyzed by using several techniques. The researcher analyzed the data gathered in order to gain the
answers to the questions formulated in the problem formulation. In this study, the researcher analyzed the data by using qualitative data analysis as suggested by
Miles and Huberman 1994 that consist of three stages:
1. Data Reduction
Data reduction refers to the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting, and transforming the data that appear in written up field notes or
transcriptions Miles Huberman, 1994. It was the process whereby the mass of qualitative data obtained were reduced and organized. At this stage, the researcher
discarded all irrelevant data and transcribed all the code switching in teacher’s utterances that had been got from direct and indirect observation. The researcher
classified code switching in teacher’s utterances based on the types and the functions as suggested by Poplack and Jingxia.
2. Data Display
After the data were reduced, the next stage was data display. It provided an
organized and compressed assembly of information that permitted conclusion drawing. To draw conclusions from the mass of data, Miles and Huberman 1994
said that the text in the form of narrative was mostly used to display the data in qualitative research. They also suggested that a good display of data in the form of
tables, charts, networks and other graphical formats is essential. At this stage, the researcher displayed the data in the form of tables and narrative text. Data display
