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E. Data Analysis Techniques
Data analysis is the process in which the data were analyzed by using several techniques. The researcher analyzed the data gathered in order to gain the
answers to the questions formulated in the problem formulation. In this study, the researcher analyzed the data by using qualitative data analysis as suggested by
Miles and Huberman 1994 that consist of three stages:
1. Data Reduction
Data reduction refers to the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting, and transforming the data that appear in written up field notes or
transcriptions Miles Huberman, 1994. It was the process whereby the mass of qualitative data obtained were reduced and organized. At this stage, the researcher
discarded all irrelevant data and transcribed all the code switching in teacher’s utterances that had been got from direct and indirect observation. The researcher
classified code switching in teacher’s utterances based on the types and the functions as suggested by Poplack and Jingxia.
2. Data Display
After the data were reduced, the next stage was data display. It provided an
organized and compressed assembly of information that permitted conclusion drawing. To draw conclusions from the mass of data, Miles and Huberman 1994
said that the text in the form of narrative was mostly used to display the data in qualitative research. They also suggested that a good display of data in the form of
tables, charts, networks and other graphical formats is essential. At this stage, the researcher displayed the data in the form of tables and narrative text. Data display
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helped the researcher to understand what happened in this research and to decide the next step in drawing conclusions.
3. Drawing Conclusions and Verifying
Conclusion drawing involved stepping back to consider the meaning of the analyzed data. The data analysis allowed the researcher to begin and develop
conclusions of the study. Then, the initial conclusions were verified in order to test the validity and reliability of findings. The researcher relied on triangulation
to enhance the credibility and dependability of the study. In this study, the researcher used data triangulation. The researcher investigated whether the data
collected by using direct observation confirmed data collected by using indirect observation.
F. Research Procedure
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