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English as their foreign language, even some people can speak Japanese, Spanish, Dutch, etc. In short, bilingualism means two languages are used by someone
alternately to communicate with others, while multilingualism refers to the ability of people who use more than two languages.
Many bilinguals and multilinguals were having difficulties with their languages. Sometimes, they often move from one language to another within a
single utterance. It is called by code switching. The explanation of code switching will be presented in the next part.
2. Code Switching
According to Gal 1998, the function of code switching as “a conversational strategy used to establish, cross or destroy group boundaries; to
create, evoke, or change interpersona l relations with their right and obligations”.
Code switching becomes the concern of this study, especially the types and the functions of teacher’s code switching. For this reason, the researcher provides
some theories in understanding the types of code switching, the functions of code switching, and the use of code switching in language teaching.
a. The Types of Code Switching
There are many types of code switching that exist in sociolinguistics study. According to Van Dulm 2007, code switching can be viewed from a
grammatical perspective, as well as from a sociolinguistic perspective. Grammatically, there are three types of code switching. Hoffmann 1991
asserted that code switching can occur within sentences intra sentential code switching, between sentences inter sentential, and at an extra sentential level
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which involves a situation in which a bilingual attaches a tag from one language to an utterance in another language.
From a sociolinguistic perspective, there are two types of code switching, namely metaphorical and situational code switching Van Dulm, 2007.
Metaphorical code switching refers to the process in which a bilingual speaker changes codes because of the change in what is being talked about. In
contrast, situational code switching refers to the process in which a bilingual person often switches from one code to another depending on whom that
person is talking to. This statement is supported by Gumperz 1982, he introduces the concepts of situational and metaphorical switching. Situational
switching involves change in participants andor strategies, while metaphorical
switching involves only a change in topical emphasis.
According Poplack 1980 there are three types of code switching, those are tag-switching, inter-sentential, and intra-sentential. Tag-switching is when a
person inserts a tag phrase from one language into the second language, for instance greeting phrases and parting phrases. This type of code-switching is
very simple and does not involve a great command of both languages, since there is a minimum risk of violation of grammatical rules. Here is the example of
tag-switching from a Portuguese-English bilingual: [1] I look like Lilica, you know, nunca paro I look like Lilica, you know,
I never stop. The second type of code switching is inter-sentential. It involves a switch
at a clause or sentence level, where each clause or sentence is in one language or PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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another. For instance, the title of Shana Poplack’s paper used in this study 2000 is a perfect example of inter-sentential switching:
[2] Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish y termino en español Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish and finish in Spanish.
The third and the most complex type of code switching is intra-sentential, which is the code switching occurs within the clause or sentence boundary. Here
is the example of Portuguese- English bilingual’s speech:
[3] Yeah, I don’t know o meu lugar nesse mundo…so, something that is weird, like a, like a, I
guess it’s… … I don’t know my place in this world…
Moreover, Myers-Scotton 2002 distinguishes code switching into two other types, namely classic and composite code switching. Classic code switching
occurs when the utterance obeys the morphosyntactic rules of only one of the languages of the bilingual, which demonstrates that the speaker has fully acquired
and is capable of using the morphosyntactic patterns of one of the languages. Nevertheless, in the case of classic code switching speakers are sufficiently
proficient in the second language to insert free morphemes of it in a sentence which is otherwise utterly ruled by the first language, or to produce lexical islands
in the second language. Composite code switching occurs when the morphemes belonging to both languages are used and more specifically the morphosyntactic
structure of the utterance is influenced by rules of both languages. This happens due to the fact that the speaker cannot fully access the syntax and morphology of
the language that can act as a base for the structure of the utterance. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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b. The Functions of Code Switching
