Collocation Definitions of Collocation

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In this chapter, some theory of related literature to the research is presented. It is to help the writer and the reader understand more easily about the research. The writer proposes several theories and ideas from the written and electric sources. To be more enlighten, this review of related literature illustrate two general area; they are theoretical description and theoretical framework.

A. Theoretical Description

In answering the research problems, the writer has collected some related literature. The citations which are stated here are based on the previous research or books. Therefore, the writer will be able to analyze to what extend the students master the translation of verb plus verbal noun collocation and the students’ collocation errors.

1. Collocation

This part discusses some descriptions of collocation. They are the definitions of collocation, the kinds of collocation, verifying collocation, collocation versus idiom, the relationship between collocation and non-native English learners especially who are in Sanata Dharma University. 11

1. Definitions of Collocation

There are some researchers who analyze collocation. First, Larson 1984: 141 states that collocation is concerned with how words join together or in other words collocation can be explained as words that occur in construction with other words. Some words occur together often, some words occur occasionally, and other combinations are not likely to occur. Some words do not occur together because their combination would be nonsense, which means that it would not make sense because it is outside reality. From what Larson has explored, the writer can conclude that collocation is the combination of words which are often used by native speaker of the source language, English language. If the speaker does not apply the combination, it sounds awkward to the native speaker. In other word, it does not sound naturally English. Second, Newmark 1981: 114 affirms that collocation is the element of system in the lexis of language which consists of a common structure and is arranged syntagmatically. Syntagmatically means the words associate with other words that can typically precede or follow it Coady and Huckin, 1997: 250. Syntagmatic collocations are usually difficult for the students because they sometimes are different from the original translation Newmark, 1981: 114-115. Third, Carter 2000: 51 states that collocation is a group of words that occur repeatedly in a language. It is the same as what Cruse 1997: 40 states that collocation is a sequence of lexical items which habitually co-occur. Therefore from those citations, collocation is combination of words that often appears together in a sentence. 12 Besides, according to Hunston 2002: 68, collocation is also the tendency of words to be biased in the way they co-occur. For example is the word, toys, co- occurs with children more frequently than man or women. This collocation can be explained in logical explanation. The word, toys, usually belongs to children rather than to adults. The other examples of collocation are strong tea and powerful car. It is awkward if to be said powerful tea and strong car. Therefore, the writer is able to conclude that collocation is the tendency of two words to occur together. According to Baker 1997: 47, the tendency of certain words to co-occur together has to do with their propositional meanings. For example is in the word cheque. The word cheque is more likely to occur with bank, pay, money and write than with playground or repair. However, meaning cannot always account for collocation patterning. Furthermore, words which the students might think of as synonyms or near-synonyms will often have quite different sets of collocate. English speakers usually say break rules not break regulation. Besides, they say wasting time not squandering time. At last, according to Hall 2008, collocation is the tendency of words to co-occur. It is a predictable association of words that naturally fall together in certain contexts such as cup of tea or bread and butter. Collocations have a varied level of closeness of association. There are phrases that are unvaried in their combination. For example of this type of collocation are idiom because their form is frozen, no other word can be substituted for any of the elements. In addition, the meaning of the overall expression is often different from the total of its individual 13 parts and frequently involves metaphorical meaning: the lions share, a pain in the neck, a fly in the ointment. Such idioms may also blend into proverbs and proverbs provide a useful access into this subject for foreign learner.

2. Kinds of Collocation