Research Instruments Data, Context, and Source of Data

F. Trustworthiness

Studies published in qualitative approach employ principles to evaluate the findings VanderStoep and Johnston, 2009: 194. To ensure objective findings in qualitative research, a researcher must employ a technique to enhance trustworthiness. In addition, the sign of a good qualitative study leads the reader to adopt the researcher’s interpretations VanderStoep and Johnston, 2009: 170. There are several techniques to gain trustworthiness proposed by Creswell and Miller via Marshall and Bossman 2011: 40. They include searching for disconfirming evidence, engaging in reflexivity, member checking, prolonged engagement in the field, collaboration, developing an audit trail, peer debriefing, and triangulation. However, this thesis only employed triangulation to gain trustworthiness. Triangulation, according to Ritchie and Lewis 2003: 275, is the use of different sources to confirm and to improve the clarity of the findings. In addition, they argue that triangulation is significant in a qualitative study. The reason is that the data must be checked whether they are more a means of widening or deepening understanding of a subject through the combination of multiple reading. As a result, there is no bias between the researcher and the readers. Denzin in Ritchie and Lewis 2003: 276 suggests that there must be different forms of triangulation. There are four triangulations that he proposes: methods triangulation, triangulation through multiple analyses, theories triangulation, and triangulation of sources. This research only employed the first three of triangulation categories. As the first triangulation, this research employed textual analysis and content analysis as the methods in analyzing data. Next, to gain triangulation through multiple analyses, the researcher invited two linguistics students to check data collection and interpretation. They ar e Hilyatus Sa’adah and Chera Kurnia Larasati. Finally, theories triangulation was employed when the researcher referred to theories in collecting the data.