Formulation of the Problems

in their talks. Finally, adjacency pairs capture how the speakers make contribution to first pair parts and second pair parts. a. Turn Taking According to Sacks, Shcegloff, and Jefferson via Hutcby and Wooffitt 2008: 49, turns in conversations are resources which are systematically circulated among the participants. Since an individual speaks at a time in conversation, turns are taken with little gaps or overlap as possible among participants. It does mean that only one speaker talks at a time or gap and overlap never arise. Minimal gap and overlap that participants demonstrate are form of coordination to achieve ideal conversation. There are two components of turn taking that Sacks, Schegloff, and Jefferson propose Hutcbhy and Wooffitt, 2008: 49-50. They are turn-construction component and turn-distribution component. The first component deals with linguistic elements such as words, phrases, clauses, and sentences which give clue about transition among the participants. The component is also called as turn- construction units TCUs. TCUs should have capacity of ‘projectability’. It means that TCUs give signs to the participants to predict what sort of unit it is and at what point it is likely to end. The second component demonstrates how the speakers practice their turn taking in real interaction Sacks, Schegloff, and Jefferson via Jonassen, 2008: 1078. The component also shows rules how the speakers conduct turn distribution. The rule is if the current speaker has selected the next speaker, the speaker should take the turn. If there is no election for next participant, the speaker can elect himself to take turn. If no next speaker has been designated, the current speaker can continue talking, unless another speaker does self-selected. Joy : Have you got the paper for the meeting Carol? Carol : Yeah, they came in this morning. The example describes how Joy selects Carol as the next speaker. To select the next speaker, Joy shows the question form and mentions Carol’s name. The selection of the next speaker is successful since Carol directly gives answer to the question. The TCUs demonstrated in the interaction is a sentence. ‘Have you got the paper for the meeting Carol?’ is identified as the component of TCU. b. Preference Organization As the scope of CA, preference organization captures how participants contribute their actions in interaction Liddicoat, 2007: 110. According to Schegloff 2007: 61, preference organization in CA is not associated with speaker’s psychology. The term denotes to an organizational correlation of sequence part. The distinction made in preference organization is that in sequences part a particular action can be rejected or delayed, while other actions are responded directly and with little delay Liddicoat, 2007: 111. Pomerantz says that preference organization emphasizes on speaker’s response to the first part, it can be preference or dispreference Via Schegloff: 2007: 59. The responses performed by speaker can be plus or minus. The plus response is called as preferred, while the minus response is named as dispreferred. If the first parts such as offers, invitations, and requests are responded by acceptances, grantings, and agreements, it is called as plus or preferred response.