Type of the Study

comparison, categorization, conceptualization, and explanation. Although Dey 2005: 3 agrees that data analysis is a circular process, he suggests that the process covers describing, connecting, and classifying. In addition, VanderStoep and Johnston 2009: 200-201 mention several methods in analyzing the data. They are ethnography, phenomenology, case study, applied research, and textual analysis. In analyzing the data, the researcher employed textual analysis and content analysis. Textual analysis, according to VanderStoep and Johnstion 2009:2010- 213, is a process of identification and interpretation of a set of verbal and non- verbal signs. In this method, the role of the researcher is as the interpreter of selected texts. According to Flick, Kardoff, and Steinke 2004: 266, content analysis is a technique derived from communication sciences. In addition, this technique can be used systematically to analyze broadcasting program Hesse- Biber and Leavy, 2011: 228. The procedures in analyzing the data by employing content analysis were explained by the following sentences. Based on the research questions, the researcher gave the definition and other criteria about the categories of the data. In the next stage, the data were analyzed and classified by using that theory. To gain the clarity, the interpreted data in first phase were revised and clarified by triangulators. Finally, the data interpretation could be reported. In this stage, the research also employed quantification for each category to support the qualitative explanation of the data.

F. Trustworthiness

Studies published in qualitative approach employ principles to evaluate the findings VanderStoep and Johnston, 2009: 194. To ensure objective findings in qualitative research, a researcher must employ a technique to enhance trustworthiness. In addition, the sign of a good qualitative study leads the reader to adopt the researcher’s interpretations VanderStoep and Johnston, 2009: 170. There are several techniques to gain trustworthiness proposed by Creswell and Miller via Marshall and Bossman 2011: 40. They include searching for disconfirming evidence, engaging in reflexivity, member checking, prolonged engagement in the field, collaboration, developing an audit trail, peer debriefing, and triangulation. However, this thesis only employed triangulation to gain trustworthiness. Triangulation, according to Ritchie and Lewis 2003: 275, is the use of different sources to confirm and to improve the clarity of the findings. In addition, they argue that triangulation is significant in a qualitative study. The reason is that the data must be checked whether they are more a means of widening or deepening understanding of a subject through the combination of multiple reading. As a result, there is no bias between the researcher and the readers. Denzin in Ritchie and Lewis 2003: 276 suggests that there must be different forms of triangulation. There are four triangulations that he proposes: methods triangulation, triangulation through multiple analyses, theories triangulation, and triangulation of sources. This research only employed the first three of