Background of the Study

1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

To be able to conjugate a discourse relation to each sentences depends on how speakers or writers in forming cohesiveness of their speech or writing. The cohesiveness between sentences can be seen from the markers of cohesion which their form can be found through grammar or vocabulary. According to Halliday and Hasan, the elements of cohesion in discourse can be differentiated into two types: grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion. The grammatical cohesion consists of reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. Meanwhile, lexical cohesion consists of reiteration and collocation. 1 Grammatical cohesion is one of the important parts to conjugate cohesiveness of a discourse which the cohesiveness of a discourse can be seen through fourth grammatical cohesion devices, they are: reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. Without correct grammar, the language will be bias. Therefore, the understanding of correct grammar is important to construct a discourse. Afterwards, one type of language activity which contain discourse in it is speech. On doing speech, we also need a high level of cohesiveness to build an integrated discourse. A discourse will be integrated if the sentences in the 1 M.A.K Halliday, and Hasan, Cohesion in english London dan newyork: Longman Group Limited,1976, p. 6. 2 discourse relates to the topic. That’s why the researcher interests to analyze grammatical cohesion devices especially reference in J. K. Rowling’s speech. In this research, the researher will analyze the speech of famous writer J.K. Rowling. As we know, she is an author of Harry Potter novel. J.K. Rowling had speeched on graduation ceremony in Harvard University in front of the graduates, graduates’ parents, and all of members of the Harvard Corporation. The tittle of her speech is the fringe benefits of failure and the importance of imagination. Her speech has caused many people stunned. The speech generally share about her life experience during her lecture period, before she success in her career as an author. J.K. Rowling’s speech many give inspirations and motivations to anyone who hear. Although, in her many speeches very inspires to anyone, the whole sentences that are said by J.K. Rowling is not difficult enough to be understood. Therefore, the researcher interests to analyze grammatical cohesion of references used by J.K. Rowling in that her speech. Whether J.K. Rowling is familiar with the usage of grammatical cohesive devices in her speech. We also need a good understanding about the relation between context and grammatical cohesion of references in J.K. Rowling’s speech. So, as the hearer can understand a discourse the speaker means well.

B. Focus of the Study