20
words same as. Whereas the comparison in that sentence is the cat that saw when that sentence said with the cat that saw yesterday.
Meanwhile, particular comparison expresses comparability between things in respect of a particular property. The property in question may be a matter of
quantity or of quality.The comparison that shows quantity expressed in more or as. Then, the comparison is in terms of quality, it is expressed in comparative
adjective, eg: easier in easier tasks, more difficult in more difficult tasks.
44
For example:
17
We are demanding higher living standard than we have now. The most generalized comparative is actually the superlative, highest
means simply „higher than any other‟.
45
F. Context
A context is not just one possible world-state, but at least a sequence of world-states. Moreover, these situations do not remain identical in time,
but change.
46
We have an infinite set of possible contexts, of which one will have a specific status, viz the actual context. The actual context is defined
by the period of time and the place where the common activities of speaker and hearer are realized, and w
hich satisfy the properties of “here” and “now” logically, physically, and cognitively.
47
Contexts are courses of events and thus are defined by an ordered set of “here-now” pairs; the
44
Ibid. pp. 80-81.
45
Ibid. p. 81.
46
Dijk, Teun A. van, Text and Context, New York: Longman Group Ltd, 1977 p. 191.
47
Ibid, p. 192.
21
context changes from moment to moment. This change must affect effect objects in the successive states
48
In order to provide the necessary relative interpretation of sentences, e.g. for the correct identification of individuals,
with respect to previous sentences of the discourse sequence, we could also interpret a sentence relative to the sentence previously uttered in the same
context of conversation.
49
48
Ibid.
49
Ibid, p. 228.
22
CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDING
A. Data Description
In this chapter, the researcher analyzes grammatical cohesion of references in the script of J.
K. Rowling‟s speech. The researcher finds 3 types of grammatical cohesion devices of references in the script of J.
K. Rowling‟s speech. They are: personal reference, demonstrative reference, and comparative reference.
For the item of each types of references in the script of J. K. Rowling‟s speech, the
researcher compiles and classifies data into the table below:
Table 2.3 Personal reference appear in the J. K. Rowling‟s speech
No The Items
Corpuses Sentences Total
1 I
2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 33,
34, 35, 36, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 58, 59, 62, 63, 66, 68,
69, 70, 71, 72, 75, 77, 78, 79, 82, 83, 84, 95, 97, 101, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118.
111
2 You
2, 8, 9, 11, 14, 15, 28, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 43, 51, 52, 56, 57, 60, 61, 62, 104, 105, 106, 107,
39
23
109, 112, 117, 118, 119 3
We 14, 40, 65, 101, 102, 104, 111, 116,
11 4
They 22, 25, 26, 30, 73, 74, 87, 89, 93, 94, 95, 98,
114. 16
5 She
7, 17, 81. 3
6 He
75, 76, 77. 4
7 It
7, 26, 27, 30, 31, 40, 41, 45, 52, 58, 62, 65, 66, 93, 100, 104, 110, 118.
20
8 My
5, 11, 12, 18, 20, 24, 25, 27, 29, 34, 40, 42, 44, 47, 49, 50, 59, 60, 62, 63, 66, 67, 68, 69,
73, 78, 82, 88, 91, 114, 115. 38
9 Your
14, 28, 32, 33, 34, 39, 56, 57, 60, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110.
22
10 Their 27, 70, 71, 73, 82, 85, 91, 93, 94, 115.
11 11 Our
74, 101, 103, 104, 116. 6
12 Her 7, 80.
3 13 His
75, 81. 4
14 Its 61, 65, 97.
3 15 Me
3, 7, 8, 16, 18, 42, 47, 53, 54, 78, 80, 115. 14
16 Him 76, 78, 81.
3 17 Us
65, 116. 2
24
Table 3.3 Demonstrative reference appear in the J. K. Rowling‟s speech
No The Items
Corpuses Sentences Total
1 Here
36, 43. 2
2 Now
4, 21, 43, 62. 4
3 This
3, 7, 8, 12, 14, 26, 67, 78, 89, 91, 101, 11
4 These
16 1
5 Those
18, 66, 70, 74, 85, 99, 109, 117. 11
6 That
32, 35, 36, 44, 62, 88, 90, 95, 96, 101, 102. 11
7 There
28, 44, 69. 3
8 Then
45, 102. 2
9 The
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 28, 34, 36, 37, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45,
46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 55, 56, 57, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 73, 75, 76, 78, 80, 81, 82,
83, 86, 88, 93, 97, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 110, 111, 114, 115, 117, 118
112
Table 4.3 Comparative reference appear in the J. K. Rowling‟s speech
No The Items
Corpuses Sentences Total
1 Such
58, 92. 2
2 Similar
117. 1
3 So
5. 1
5 Stronger
56 1
25
6 Wiser
56 1
7 Taller
77 1
8 Fewer
95 1
9 Older
75 1
10 More
55, 83, 99. 3
11 Largest
4 1
12 Closest
18 1
13 Biggest
42 1
14 Greatest
49, 66 2
15 Earliest
67 1
B. Data Analysis
