25
6 Wiser
56 1
7 Taller
77 1
8 Fewer
95 1
9 Older
75 1
10 More
55, 83, 99. 3
11 Largest
4 1
12 Closest
18 1
13 Biggest
42 1
14 Greatest
49, 66 2
15 Earliest
67 1
B. Data Analysis
After explaining data description above, the researcher would like to analyze data for the next step. The researcher will analyze the kind of grammatical
cohesion of references appear in J. K. Rowling‟s speech whether personal
reference, demonstrative reference or comparative reference. Then, the researcher will desribe how does context
affect the audience‟s understanding on the grammatical cohesion of references in J.
K. Rowling‟s speech.
1. Grammatical cohesion of references
a. Personal Reference
Data 1: The first thing I
would like to say is „thank you‟.
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The context of the sentences are J.K. Rowling‟s speech on graduation
ceremony in Harvard University, on June 5, 2008. Based on the sentence above,
the word I pointing forward to J.K. Rowling as a speaker on that time. I is included to first person personal pronoun in English, which is it means I is one of
the items of personal reference. I involve the speaker, it is normally used for situational reference. Therefore, I is categorized as exophora reference. Then, the
word you refers to audiences on that time, they are President Faust, members of
the Harvard Corporation and the Board of Overseers, members of the faculty,
proud parents, and graduates. It depends on situation, therefore you is categorized
as exophora reference. Reference is the link between an element and others in sentences in which
it is interpreted. These is another example of personal reference on the script of J.
K. Rowling‟s speech.
Data 2:
The commencement speaker that day was the distinguished British
philosopher Baroness Mary Warnock. Reflecting
on her speech has helped me enormously in writing this one, because it turns out that I
can‟t remember a single word she said.
The context of the sentences are J.K. Rowling‟s speech on graduation
ceremony in Harvard University, on June 5, 2008. Baroness Mary Warnock was a speaker in
J.K. Rowling‟s graduation ceremony. From the sentences above, there are five items of personal references. First, those sentences show personal
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reference, exactly it is possessive determiners
“her”. The word her refers to Baroness Mary Warnock.
And usage of personal reference her is categorized as anaphora reference, pointing backward to Baroness Mary Warnock. Next, first
person personal pronoun me as object and I as subject in that speech refers to J.K. Rowling as a speaker. fourth, the word she is personal reference exactly
second person female, she refers to Baroness Mary Warnock which is preceds the text. So, the word she is categorized as anaphora reference. Fifth, the word it
refers to the word reflecting which is preceding the text. Therefore, it is also
categorized as anaphora reference.
Data 3: I
cannot remember telling my parents that I was studying Classics; they
might well have found out for the first time on graduation day.
The context of the sentences are J.K. Rowling‟s speech on graduation
ceremony in Harvard University, on June 5, 2008. J.K. Rowling‟s parents absent
on that time, because her mother passed away on 1991. Based on the sentence
above, the researcher finds 3 items of personal reference. They are: I as subject is first person like described by the researcher on the explanation before. I refers to
J.K. Rowling as a speaker. Then, My in my parents is possessive determiner. My refers to speaker‟s parents here is J.K. Rowling‟s parents. The last is they as third
person plural. They refers to my parents, which is refers to preceding text. Therefore they is categorized as anaphora reference.
Data 4:
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I shall never forget the African torture victim, a young man no older than I
was at the time, who had become mentally ill after all he had endured in his
homeland.
The context of the sentences are J.K. Rowling‟s speech on graduation
ceremony in Harvard University, on June 5, 2008. From the sentence above, the
researcher finds three items of personal reference. First, I is first person singular, refers to the speaker. Second, he is second person male pronoun, a young man
refers to African torture victim. Therefore, he is categorized as anaphora
reference, which is the element needed to interpret preceding text. Third, the word
his in his homeland is possessive determiner. His refers to what is said before,
that is African torture victim, a young man. So, his in that sentence is categorized
as the item of anaphora reference.
Data 5: The door opened, and the researcher poked out her head and told me to
run and make a hot drink for the young man sitting with her.
The context of the sentences are J.K. Rowling‟s speech on graduation
ceremony in Harvard University, on June 5, 2008. J.K. Rowling shares about her experience at Amnesty International. Based on that sentence, there are two items
of personal reference. First, word her is possessive determiner. The word her refers to researcher, which is have been said before. In addition, the word her is
categorized as anaphora reference. Second, the word me as object refers to
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speaker or J.K. Rowling on that time. Therefore, the word me is categorized as
exophora reference.
Data 6:
There in my little office I read hastily scribbled letters smuggled out of
totalitarian regimes by men and women who were risking imprisonment to inform the outside world of what was happening to them.
The context of the sentences are J.K. Rowling‟s speech on graduation
ceremony in Harvard University, on June 5, 2008. J.K. Rowling shares about her experience at Amnesty International. Based on the sentence above, the researcher
finds the item of personal reference. It is word them, which is refers to men and women
. This item is categorized as anaphora reference, because the item that needed to interpret preceding the text.
Data 7: Ultimately, we all have to decide for ourselves what constitutes failure, but
the world is quite eager to give you a set of criteria if you let it. So I think
it fair to say that by any conventional measure, a mere seven years after my graduation day, I had failed on an epic scale.
The context of the sentences are J.K. Rowling‟s speech on graduation
ceremony in Harvard University, on June 5, 2008. That sentence based on J.K. Rowling‟s bad experiences, those are when her mother passed away on 1991 and
she divorced with her first husband Jorge Arantes on 1993. The researcher finds
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three items of personal reference. They are: we, I, and you. We is first person plural, that refers to what is said follow, that are I and you. Because of that, this
item is categorized as cataphora reference. Meanwhile, the words I is first person singular refers to J.K. Rowling as a speaker and you is second person plural refers
to audiences, they are President Faust, members of the Harvard Corporation and the Board of Overseers, members of the faculty, proud parents, and graduates
Therefore, those items are categorized as exophora reference.
Data 8:
Climbing out of poverty by your own efforts, that is indeed something on
which to pride yourself, but poverty itself is romanticised only by fools.
The context of the sentences are J.K. Rowling‟s speech on graduation
ceremony in Harvard University, on June 5, 2008. There is an item of personal
reference, it is your. The word your is possessive determiner refers to audiences
which is President Faust, members of the Harvard Corporation and the Board of Overseers, members of t
he faculty, graduates‟ parents, and all graduates. That
item is categorized as exophora reference, which is the word your that relates and
depends on situational context.
b. Demonstrative Reference
